A2 Geography: Development

Development Indicators
1. Economic
  1. GDP
    1. Per capita
    2. from agriculture
    3. from industry
    4. from services
  2. GNI
    1. Per capita
2. Demographic
  1. total population
  2. population density
  3. dependency ratio
  4. birth rate
  5. death rate
  6. urban population
  7. life expectancy
3. Political
  1. turnout rates in elections
  2. electorate numbers
4. Social
  1. HDI
  2. GDI (gender)
  3. food intake (cal per day per capita)
  4. doctors per 100,000
  5. adults living with HIV/AIDS
  6. adult literacy rate
  7. motor vehicles per 1,000
  8. internet usage per 1,000
  9. enrolment rates
5. Cultural
  1. migration flows
    1. net immigration
    2. net emigration
  2. census
    1. religion
    2. family size
  3. urban population
Changes associated with development
1. Economic
  1. shift in employment
    1. from agriculture to manufacturing and services
  2. increase in productivity
  3. international trade expands
  4. income inequality often widens
  5. manufacturing more technologically focused
    1. higher value added
2. Demographic
  1. mortality rates fall
    1. improved living standard
    2. medical technology more available
  2. fertility declines
    1. availability of artificial contraception
    2. lower infant mortality rates
  3. increased life expectancy
  4. changes summarised in DTM
3. Social
  1. secondary education widely available
    1. especially to girls
  2. changing values and lifestyles
    1. decreased tribal focus
    2. become more 'western'
      1. due to marketing of western consumer products
  3. narrowing gender inequality
  4. growing urban population
4. Political
  1. education more universal
  2. pressure for improved governance
    1. move towards democracy
    2. free elections
    3. increased exposure to modern media
      1. internet
      2. television
Modernisation
1. becoming more modern as a country develops
  1. being like the 'west'
2. Economic terms
  1. commercial rather than subsistence
  2. industrialisation
  3. urbanisation
  4. increased use of technology and scientific principles
  5. economic changes reflected within social and cultural spheres
3. Social terms
  1. importance of class groups
  2. lower importance of tribal affiliations
4. Political terms
  1. democratically elected governments
  2. less tribal/religious forms of organisation
5. many theorists attempted to model this form of development
  1. best known is Walt Rostow
    1. The Stages of Economic Growth (1960)
Measurement of development
1. GNP
  1. Gross National Product
  2. measures value of all goods/services claimed by residents
    1. regardless of location of production
2. GDP
  1. Gross Domestic Product
  2. measures value of all goods/services produced
    1. does not matter if company/individual profiting is national or foreign
  3. look at GDP of countries lower down development continuum
    1. shows investment being put into country
    2. shows true economic growth
  4. GNP per capita
    1. advantages as measure of development
      1. quantitative data
        easy to compare and contrast
      2. easily complete statistical analysis
      3. easily present data
        graphical format
        cartographic format
      4. key measure of economic development
        assume 'trickle effect'
    2. disadvantages as measure of development
      1. informal economies not taken into account
        disadvantageous to LDCs due to nomadic and subsistence farming
      2. inflation increases GDP
        even if output has not
      3. mean/average figure
        skewed by rich
        masks inequalities
      4. does not allow qualitative perspective
      5. variations in currency not taken into account
        cost of living varies between countries
      6. LDCs investment or economic growth facilitated by TNCs/external investment not included
        difficult to compare economic growth
3. HDI
  1. Human Development Index
  2. 3 variables
    1. Income (GDP per capita)
    2. Knowledge
      1. adult literacy rate
      2. percentage of children attending school
    3. longevity (life expectancy at birth)
  3. calculating HDI
    1. highest and lowest value of each variable for all countries found
    2. country give result between 0 and 1
      1. 1 highest and 0 lowest
    3. scores for each 3 variables averaged out to give total HDI
  4. advantages
    1. easy to understand
    2. provides basis for ranking countries
    3. enables comparisons of performance over time
    4. gives general indication of development
    5. enables analysis within indicator
  5. disadvantages
    1. generalised measure
    2. use averages and aggregate data
    3. obscure nature and causes of development
    4. conceals geographical and social variations and inequalities
    5. accuracy of official data not always assured

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A2 Geography: Development

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