Zusammenfassung der Ressource
nucleophillic substitution
- theory
- as halogens have a greater
electronegativity than crabon the
c-halogen bond becomes POLAR so
on one end its delta positive
(electron defiencent) and on the
other its delta negative (electron
rich)
- nucleophiles
- they are electron pair
donors (want to give away
the electrons)
- possess atleast one
lone pair of electrons
- doesnt have to
possess a negative
charge
- attracted to
slightly postive
carbons.
- key examples
- hydroxide ion;
- produces alchols
- the reagent is aqueous
sodium (potassium)
hydroxide
- conditions
reflux.
- cynaide
- the reagent is aqueous
potassium or sodium cynaide
- the condition is
refulx aq.
- the product is
a nitrile
- ammonia
- the reagent is aqueous ammonia
- the conditions are aq
(sealed tube)
- defonitions
- nucleophile; an electron pair donor
- substitution;
replacement of halogen
with carbon
- hydrolysis; splitting up a molecule
using water.
- key points;
- nucleophiles
have a one pair
of electrons
- carbons restricted to 8
electrons in outershell the
bond must be disremoved
or broke if more are
bonded.
- c-halogen bond breaks
heterolytically
- second curly arrow shows shared
pair of electrons moving onto halogen
- the carbon
halogen bond
polar.
- the curly arrows drawn
from from lone pair to
carbon
- halogen has its own electrons aswell as carbon
electrons and becomes a charged hallide.