199870
Organic Chemistry
- Isomers
- Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
- Geometric isomers occur in some alkenes (C=C bonds cannot rotate)
- Optical isomers occur in compounds that have a chiral carbon.
- Rotate polarised light in opposite directions
- Rotate polarised light in opposite directions
- Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
- Important reaction types
- Addition: A double bond is broken and atoms are added into the molecule
- Elimination: Atoms are removed from a molecule and a double bond forms
- Oxidation: A molecule gains an O atom or loses an H atom.
- Substitution: Atoms in a molecule are exchanged for other atoms.
- Addition: A double bond is broken and atoms are added into the molecule
- Haloalkanes
- Suffix -ane
- BPs are higher than corresponding alkanes but lower than corresponding alcohols
- Insoluble in water (even though slightly polar)
- Preparation and reactions of chloroalkanes
- Alkene + HCl = Chloroalkance
- Alcohol + PCl5 or PCl3 or SOCl2 = Chloroalkane
- Chloroalkance + NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) = Alcohol
- Chloroalkane + NH3(alc) = Amine
- Chloroalkane + NaOH(alc) or KOH(alc) = Alkene
- Alkene + HCl = Chloroalkance
- Suffix -ane
- Alcohols
- Suffix -ol
- BPs higher than corresponding alkanes. BPS increase as length of C chain (molar mass) increases.
- Short chain alcohols are soluble. Solubility decreases as size of C chain increases.
- Preparation and reactions of Alcohols
- Chloroalkane + NaOH(aq) or KOH (aq) = Alcohol
- Alkene + H2SO4(aq) = Alcohol
- Ester + Carboxylic acid and conc. H2SO4 = Alcohol
- Chloroalkane + NaOH(aq) or KOH (aq) = Alcohol
- Suffix -ol
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