Chapter 1:

Chapter 1:

Earths Four Spheres
1. Biosphere
  1. Includes all life
  2. influences other three spheres
2. Atmosphere
3. Hydrospheres
  1. Ocean- the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere
  2. nearly 71% of Earth's Surfaces
  3. nearly 97% of Earth's water
  4. Also includes fresh water
4. Lithosphere
  1. Earth's rigid outer layer
  2. Solid Earth consists of
    1. Crust
    2. Core
      1. Mantle
  3. Lithosphere includes
    1. Crust
    2. Part of the upper mantle
  4. Divisions of the Earths's surface
    1. Continents
    2. Ocean Basins
Earth Science
1. Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand
  1. Earth
  2. Earth's neighbors in space
2. Includes
  1. Geology
    1. Physical geology examines the materials composing Earth
    2. Historical geology is the study of the origin and development of Earth
  2. Oceanography
    1. Not a separate and distinct science Oceanography integrates
      1. Chemistry
      2. Physics
      3. Geology
      4. Biology
      5. Meteorology
      6. Astronomy
Environmental Problems
1. Problems Include
  1. Local, regional and global
  2. Urban Air pollution
  3. Human-induced and accentuated
  4. Acid Rain
  5. Ozone Depletion
  6. Global Warming
  7. Natural Hazards
  8. Earthquakes
  9. Landslides
  10. Floods
  11. Hurricanes
MInerals Versus Rocks
1. Definition of Minerals
  1. Naturally Occurring
  2. Inorganic
  3. Solid
  4. Have a definite chemical structure
2. Nearly 4000 known minerals
3. Rocks are aggregates of minerals
Composition and structure of minerals
1. Elements
  1. Basic building blocks on minerals
  2. Over 100 known
2. Atoms
  1. Have all the characteristics of an element
  2. Smallest particles of matter
Minerals
1. Properties of minerals
  1. Luster
  2. Color
  3. Crystal Form
  4. Hardness
  5. Streak
  6. Cleavage
  7. fracture
2. Rock Forming Minerals
  1. Iron
  2. Calcium
  3. Oxygen
  4. Silicon
  5. Aluminum
  6. Sodium
  7. Potassium
  8. Magnesium

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