Outline TOK

Outline TOK

Introduction
1. To what extent are we able to reach a certainty for ourselves, without depending on the discoveries of others?
2. How can knowledge be created?
  1. By ourselves (applying WOKs on our own)
  2. Using previous knowledge (depending on shared knowledge)
3. The PT suggests the idea that...(justification of the kq)
4. Concept of certainty: confidence, true
1st Approach
1. Counter Argument
  1. Starts from previous knowledge of others
    1. If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.
    2. Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke in 1676
    3. Book of Stephen Hawking in 2004 signalize the giants of Newton
      1. Nicolás Copérnico (1473-1543)
      2. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
      3. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
    4. Discussion
2. Argument
  1. Starts from acquired ideas from our own
    1. The process of information using: Intuition, Imagination, Sense perception
    2. Information is acquired by being told, whereas knowledge can be acquired by thinking---Fritz Machlup
      1. Example Darwing: he discovered part of the theory of evolution making observations
    3. Perplexity is the beginning of knowledge---Khalil Gibran
    4. Critical Thinking: the capacity to analyze, understand and evaluate the information to create knowledge
3. Conclusion
  1. Although we need the knowledge already discovered to carry on developing something new, it is our own personal effort what allow us to produce knowledge
4. How can knowledge be created?
2nd Approach
1. Counter Argument
  1. Empirism
    1. All our knowledge comes from our senses, experiences and perceptions, and our mind interprets them
    2. John Locke--- No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience.
    3. Aristoteles---abstraction---create concepts
    4. No certainty: Hume
    5. Discussion of the counter-argument: Kant
2. Argument
  1. Rationalism
    1. Mistrust our senses and perceptios
      1. Doubt
        Interpret knowledge
        By doubting we are led to enquire, and by enquiry we perceive the truth---Peter Abélard
    2. The capacity of the reason to discover the objective truth
      1. Reason vs experiences
        By doubting we are led to enquire, and by enquiry we perceive the truth---Peter Abélard
    3. Innate ideas
    4. Plato, Decard and Galileo
      1. More recent example from maths
3. Conclusion
  1. The knowledge can come from our senses, perceptions and experiences but on the other hand we can also mistrust them
Conclusion
1. We may be learned with another man´s learning, but we can only be wise with wisdom of our own---Michel de Montaigne
  1. If we lack some previous acquired ideas we may not understand the knowledge produced by others, so the combination of both is the key that opens our mind
  2. TOK of Kant
    1. Synthesis between empirism and rationalism
      1. There is only knowledge when the sensitive experience is added to the rational elements of the knowledge
        "All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to understanding, and ends with reason"
To what extent are we able to reach a certainty for ourselves, without depending on the discoveries of others?

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