Zusammenfassung der Ressource
ESL Approaches & Methods
- CALLA
- critical components include content
subject instruction, academic language
development, and explicit instruction of
learning strategies
- instruction is guided by how students
think, learn, and interact
- emphasizes the role of language in facilitating
and illustrating thinking
- based on a cognitive-social
model of learning
- in harmony with a varied range of
instructional innovations
- effective for CLD students as well as
native English-speaking students
- can be used from beginning to
advanced levels
- Language Across the Curriculum
- sometimes referred to as reading
and/or writing across the
curriculum/content areas
- focus on the language
demands of all content
subjects and integrates
literacy across all instruction
- like CALLA , language skills are
developed in all content subjects
- originally developed for native-English
speaking students, but effectively
addresses the needs of CLD students
- all teachers carry out language-based
activities in their content areas
- Language Experience
- support for beginning
literacy experiences
- Students tell about personal experiences,
teacher writes down their account,
student and classmates read account
- "students learn that what is said
can be written down and what is
written down can be read"
- shares underlying principles with CALLA
- supports biography-driven
instruction as students
share their stories and
experiences
- works well with
beginning level and
preliterate students
- Helps teachers know
their students
- students experience the
identity of being a writer
- Balanced Reading Approach
- tailors reading instruction to each child's
preferred approach to initial reading
- combines phonics instruction with reading for meaning and writing to
communicate
- "global learners" experience language as a whole
system of communication. For them, effective
activities include listening to read alouds, journal/story
writing, SSR, discussion, and selecting their materials
- "analytical learners"may prefer explicit instruction in alphabet,
decoding, phonics, grouping word families, and analyzing
individual words. These may include CLD students who learned
their first language through a phonics-based approach
- As with other approaches, it is critical for teachers to
know about the background experiences and
knowledge of their CLD students to appropriately
tailor instruction
- Process Writing
- teachers model the writing
process and the classroom
becomes a writing workshop
- Students see the thinking, reflecting, and
revising steps of the writing process
- approach involves teaching students
effective strategies for writing
- develops students' confidence in
writing, thus lowering the affective
filter
- writing strategies modeled and
practiced include: planning,
accessing prior knowledge,
composing, revising, and editing
- Cooperative Learning
- Students work in thoughtfully
designed groups to complete
learning tasks in which all students
share responsibility
- there are many models for cooperative learning that all
provide opportunities for students to actively practice
language and content in a social context
- Benefits for CLD students include academic
language practice, use of first language to
draw on prior knowledge, and the
opportunity for students to become more
independent learners
- in groups that include varied levels of
English proficiency, students can help
each other to understand and complete
the task
- can serve as a step
towards independent
learning
- CALLA overtly teaches students
cooperation as a learning strategy
- Inquiry Approach
- a learner-centered approach in which students
participate in activities and construct
understanding of ideas and relationships
- learners explore greater depth on fewer topics
- students are seen as "co-constructors of knowledge"
- like many ESL approaches, student's
prior knowledge is highly valued in the
acquisition of new information
- inquiry cycle shares
similarities with process
writing
- teacher models and guides
students in development of
higher-order thinking skills
- inquiry activities can take
place in cooperative learning
groups
- activities move students
though an inquiry cycle
- Can be used across
multiple content areas
- Standards-Based Instruction
- based on identifying what students should know and be
able to do according to state and/or national
standards
- can be used by teachers to assist CLD students in
developing academic content and language
proficiency
- TESOL standards for teaching English learners
- provide a template for planning across
approaches and methods