Zusammenfassung der Ressource
ESL Approaches and Methods
- Communicative Approach
- Sheltered Instruction
Observation Protocol
(SIOP)
- A highly researched, developed
and explicated variation of
sheltered instruction
- Makes grade level
content
comprehensible for
students
- Students are working
towards success in
general education
classroom
Anmerkungen:
- Academic
standards
- 1. Lesson
preparation
2. Building
background
3.
Comprehensible
input
4.
Strategies
5.
Interaction
6.
Practice
and
application
7.
Lesson
delivery
8.
Review
and
assessment
Anmerkungen:
- These steps are more focused on teacher delivery and scaffolding. The different steps rely on careful planning, preparation, delivery, and groupings made by the teacher.
- Integrated
Content-Based(ICB)
- 1.
Planning
2.
Instruction
3.
Assessment
Anmerkungen:
- These steps are more student focused.
Planning involves selecting a theme and topics within it, creating language and content objectives, and preparing the materials and environment.
Instruction involves pre-teaching vocabulary and building background, using authentic activities for integrating literacy, collaborative learning, cognitive engagement, and learning centers with visual support and graphic organizers.
Assessments are formative and summative.
- Focus on content
and language
integration
Anmerkungen:
- Language teachers and content-area teachers will often collaborate to deliver this.
- Subject areas
integrated into
thematic units
- Creates environments
where students actively
participates in
meaningful,
content-based contexts
- Academic standards
- Transitional Bilingual Education
- Aims to teach CLD
students in their native
language and gradually
transitions to English
- Students first develop
literacy in their L1, which
transfers to bilingualism
and biliteracy
- Most programs begin in K
or 1 and transition
students to all English
classrooms after 2 years
- Communicative Program Models
- English as a Second Language (ESL)
- Aims to teach English
through appropriate
instructional support
without significant first
language support
- Often a push in or pull out method
- Developmental Bilingual Education
- Aims to teach CLD
students content area
instruction in first and
second languages
- Students are bilingual and biliterate
- Programming usually
begins in K or 1 and
expands to include one
grade each year thereafter.
Critical subject areas are
taught in both languages.
- Two-Way Immersion
- Aims to teach CLD
students and native
English students
content area in two
languages
- Students are bilingual and biliterate
- Usually begins in K or 1 as either a
90-10 or 50-50 model. In the 90-10
model, instruction is mainly in
students' L1 with small amounts of
English. Each year this works towards
the 50-50 model, where instruction is
split between the two languages.
- Limited Use Models
- Newcomer Programs
Anmerkungen:
- Response to increasing numbers of CLD students, especially secondary students, in school systems that have previously experienced litter or not cultural or linguistic diversity.
CLD students are in a separate classroom and often receive below grade level content.
- Second or Foreign Language Immersion
Anmerkungen:
- Similar to two-way immersion because native-English-speaking students are immersed in a second language through academic instruction and social interaction.
- Suggestopedia
- Relaxed physical setting with minimal error correction; not content based
- Natural Way
- Comprehensible
input; does not
stress error
correction; L1
acceptance; not content based
- Silent Way
- Teacher models; lots
of repetition with
little content
- Cognitive Approach
- Cognitive Academic
Language Learning
Approach (CALLA)
- Based on research that has
identified effective
curriculum and instructional
approaches
- Integrates content
subject instruction
with academic
language instruction in
learning strategies
- Students are working
towards success in
general education
classroom
- Academic and
ESL standards
- Learning strategies
Anmerkungen:
- Metacognitive - thinking about thinking
Cognitive - interacting with the material
Social/Affective - interacting with others
- 1.
Planning
2.
Preparation
3.
Presentation
4.
Practice
5.
Evaluation
6.
Expansion
Anmerkungen:
- These steps are more focused on student interaction with the material.
- Grammatical Approach
- Grammar
Translation
- Emphasis on reading writing and grammar; rules of grammar are taught holistically
- Audiolingual
- Lots of grammar instruction with an emphasis on correction, drills, and repetition
- Direct
- Total immersion in L2