Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Energy Policy in Canada
- Nationalism
- Trudeau (Liberal 1968-1979, 1980-1984)
- Dependency theorist: wanted to free country from
foreign economic control of US multinationals
- Self-suffiency
- Minority Liberal gov
- Depended on NDP support
- Created Petro-Canada (an oil crown corporation)
- National Energy program 1980-1985
- 2 price oil system
- Export tax
- Subsidies for domestic consumption
- Results in first federal deficit (1974)
- To protect Canadian oil industries from international shocks/ influence
- Assumes: rising prices, rising need
for exports and that national is better
- Eventually exchanged for more modest policy, since
deficit --> recession. Also, increase in production from
subsidies was not successful bc of international oil glut.
- Canadian Petroleum Association and Independent Petroleum Association lobbied against NEP
- Foreign Investment Review Agency
- To ensure foreign acquisition and
establishment of businesses was
beneficial to CA
- Nationalists feared without fed involvement, the energy
sector would become an oligopoly-dominated cartel
- Provincialism
- Central Provinces
- Ontario, Quebec
- Conflict between these two: Ontario is
dominant and more industrialized with
better natural advantages
- Peripheral provinces
- Alberta
- Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British
Columbia, PEI, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Provincial vs Federal conflict
- Periphery felt that
government policies
favoured central provinces
- This was politically necessary
since these provinces had the
highest populations
- Fed tried to foster national cohesion
- Encouraged spread of (and assimilation into) metropolitan centers, as
opposed to compromising and limiting the power of the centers
- Lougheed -Premier of Alberta 1971-1985
- Disagreed with NEP, wanted provinces
to have more power over their own
resources
- Wanted American investment
- Argued that Ottawa was unwilling to compromise. Alberta gov
encouraged development of technical skill and capacity, and
advancements in oil sector. Fed interference stopped all this
- Taxation of oil
- Created disincentive to work
- Main cause of conflict
- Jurisdiction
- BNA 109: gives control of land
and natural resources to
provinces
- Changes to Constitution: gives
overriding responsibilities to fed
regarding interprovincial and
international trade, gives fed
responsibility to stimulate industry in
name of national development
- Regional differences
- 3 areas of conflict
- Territorial
- Different regions had different natural advantages
- Economic
- Peripheries depended on subsidies
and equalization payments
- Central province economies were diversified
- Peripheral economies were resource-based
- Ethno-cultural co-existance
- Conflict between Franco and anglo-canadians
- General info
- Prime Ministers
- 1957-1963 Diefenbaker
- Continental US-CA energy policy
- 1963-1968 L.B. Pearson
- 1968-1979 Trudeau
- Trudeamanie
- Character
- 1/2 franco, 1/2 anglo
- Saw CA as a united front, Idealist
- Saw CA as middle ground
between US capitalism and
Soviet socialism
- Very confident in his
own views, but
open-minded
- Catholic: balanced intellectuality and morality
- 1979-1980 Joe Clark
- Alberta
- 1980-1984 Trudeau
- National Energy Program
- 1984-1993 Mulroney
- Free Trade Agreement
1988-1994 (CA-US form strong
relationship, continentalism)
- NAFTA 1994 onwards
- 1984-1984 Turner
- Economics
- At this time, we thought
inflation was the main issue in
the economy
- 1957-1972 Commissions
- Gordon report, Wahn report, Gray report (see note)
Anmerkungen:
- 5 concerns identified:
The amount of FDI
The amount of US investment
relative to other countries
The concentration of this
investment in certain sectors
Lack of investment
opportunities for Canadians
Implied political
dependencies on US
5 recommendations:
Restrict all foreign capital
Subsidize domestic research
and tech
Canadian development corp
Establishment of FIRA
(Foreign Investment Review Agency)
New industrial strategy
- Changing international factors
- Oil crises (1973, 1979)
- Uncertainty over access to oil
- Increased oil prices
- Anti-corporate feeling
- 1979- Canadians can't afford oil, stagflation
(high inflation and high unemployment)
- Major themes
- Regional differences
- Security
- Federal vs Provincial jurisdiction
- Security
- Global forces
- What kind of Canada do we want?