AS Level PE - Skill Acquisition (Part 1)

The Nature of Skill and Ability
1. Skill
  1. Skill is the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty, often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both.
  2. Skills are...
    1. Learned
      1. It requires practice and develops through experience. Being skilled involves a permanent change in behaviour that will stand the test of time.
    2. Goal Directed
      1. Each skill has a predetermined objective at the beginning of the movement.
    3. Consistent
      1. The phrase 'maximum certainty' is a key element, reflecting the ability of the performer to repeat the skill despite differing environmental conditions.
    4. Efficient
      1. The actions are performed with coordination and precision using the required amount of energy necessary.
    5. Fluent
      1. The actions appear to flow naturally rather than forced, with good balance and timing.
    6. Recognisable
      1. The skill is instantly recognisable and its execution can be compared to other performers, allowing an analysis of performance to occur.
    7. Aesthetic
      1. The execution of the skill is pleasing to observe, appearing controlled and effective within the context of the situation.
  3. Types of Skills
    1. Cognitive
      1. Skills that involve thought processes and intellectual ability. Examples include devising appropriate strategies and tactics to outwit an opponent and calculating scores.
    2. Motor
      1. Skills that involve physical movement and muscular control linked to a specific objective. Examples include high jump and badminton serves.
    3. Perceptual
      1. Skills that involve the detection and interpretation of stimuli fro the environment. For example, a netball player has to locate their team mates location and their own location.
    4. Psychomotor (Perceptual Motor)
      1. Combination of perceptual and motor skills and used during sporting performance. For example, a rugby player will have to analyse the environment to decide whether the best option is to kick the ball or pass it.
2. Classification of Skills
  1. Open/Closed Continuum
    1. Open skills are directly affected by the environment because
      1. The environment is unstable and changing.
      2. The environment is not predictable.
      3. The skills require constant adjustment to suit the situation.
      4. The skills are perceptual and involve decision making.
      5. They are usually externally-paced.
      6. Decisions need to be made quickly.
    2. Closed skills are not directly affected by the environment because
      1. The environment is stable and constant.
      2. The environment is predictable.
      3. The skills can be repeated consistently when learned or habitual.
      4. The skills are pre-learned in a set routine and require minimal adjustment.
      5. They are usually self-paced.
      6. Decisions are pre-planned.
  2. Gross/Fine Continuum
  3. Self-Paced/Externally-Paced Continuum
  4. Discrete/Serial/Continuous Continuum

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AS Level PE - Skill Acquisition (Part 1)

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