antimicrobial agents

cell wall synthesis
1. beta-lactam
  1. penicillins
    1. natural penicillins
      1. Pen G (打针）
      2. Pen V （可口服）
      3. neisseria, haemophilus
    2. beta-lactamase resistant penicillins
      1. oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, Methicllin
        narrow & G +
        staphylococcal
    3. extended spectrum penicillins
      1. ampicllin ( testing)
      2. amoxicillin
      3. broad
    4. anti-pseudomonal penicillins
      1. carboxy penicllins
        carbenicliin, ticarcillin
      2. ureidopenicilllins
        azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin
  2. cephalosporins
    1. 1st
      1. G+
      2. weak to G-
    2. 2nd
      1. not anti-pseudomonas
      2. G- bacilli
    3. 3rd
      1. enterobacteriaceae
      2. pseudomonas
    4. 4th
  3. orther beta-lactam antibiotics
    1. Aztreonam
      1. effective G-
      2. ineffective G+ , Anaerobes
      3. enterobacteriaceae
      4. pseudomonas
2. beta-lactamase inhibitors
  1. clavulanic acid
  2. sulbactam
3. Glycopeptides
  1. vancomycin
    1. hearing loss
    2. G +
  2. teicoplanin
4. carbapennems
  1. imipenem
    1. no effect on MRSA, VRE
    2. widest spectrum
5. extended spectrum beta-lactamases ( ESBL's)
protein synthesis
1. macrolide group
  1. erythromycin
2. chloramphenicol
  1. 氯霉素
3. tetracyclines
  1. terramycin,aureomycin,doxycycline, minocycline
4. aminoglycosides
DNA & RNA synthesis
1. quinolones
  1. fluoroquinolones
    1. ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin
  2. nalidixic acid
2. metronidazole
cell membrane function
1. polypeptides
  1. polymyxins
other metabolic process
1. sulfonamides
2. trimethoprim
3. nitrofurantoin

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antimicrobial agents

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