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NATURAL GAS_

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natural gas mind map
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NATURAL GAS_
  1. COMBUSTION
    1. combustion quality property
      1. burning velocity
        1. calorific value
          1. Wobbe index
          2. specific gravity
          3. types
            1. incomplete
              1. products
                1. CO
                  1. water
                2. complete
                  1. product
                    1. CO2
                      1. water
                3. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING
                  1. IMPORTANT CATALYTIC REACTION
                    1. CATALYST
                      1. TYPES
                        1. HOMOGENOUS CATALYST
                          1. property
                            1. same phase as reactants
                              1. examples
                                1. gases or liquids
                            2. HETEROGENOUS CATALYST
                              1. properties
                                1. different phase from reactants
                                  1. examples
                                    1. solid e.g transition metal
                              2. components
                                1. support
                                  1. property
                                    1. inert
                                      1. high surface area
                                        1. strength
                                          1. stability
                                            1. attrition resistant
                                              1. examples
                                                1. matrix
                                                2. shape
                                              2. solvent system
                                                1. example
                                                  1. gas solid, gas liqiud
                                                2. promoters
                                                  1. property
                                                    1. allow easier electron exchange
                                                      1. activity enhancement
                                                        1. selective improvement
                                                        2. examples
                                                          1. electropositive elements
                                                          2. increase catalytic liftetime
                                                        3. active species
                                                          1. property
                                                            1. large active sites
                                                              1. affects catalyst activity
                                                              2. the main catlyst e.g metal , acid or base material
                                                            2. poisons
                                                              1. property
                                                                1. reducing activity
                                                                  1. examples
                                                                    1. electronegative elements
                                                              2. catalyst descriptors
                                                                1. %conversion
                                                                  1. %selectivity
                                                                    1. %yield
                                                                    2. turnover no
                                                                    3. catalyst lifetime
                                                                      1. lining out
                                                                        1. start- up
                                                                          1. activity decay
                                                                            1. factors
                                                                              1. sintering
                                                                                1. attrition
                                                                                  1. poisoning
                                                                                2. shut down
                                                                              2. production of syngas
                                                                                1. uses of syngas
                                                                                  1. syngas used as reactant
                                                                                    1. methanol synthesis
                                                                                      1. catalyst
                                                                                        1. solid catalyst, Cu/znO/AL2O3
                                                                                          1. selectivity requied
                                                                                            1. low %conversion
                                                                                              1. low %yield
                                                                                                1. recycling needed
                                                                                            2. undesired reaction
                                                                                              1. methanation
                                                                                              2. product
                                                                                                1. methanol
                                                                                                  1. uses
                                                                                                    1. fomaldehyde
                                                                                                      1. fuel cells
                                                                                                        1. olefins production
                                                                                                          1. esters
                                                                                                            1. acetic acid
                                                                                                              1. produced by usind a homogenous catalyst
                                                                                                                1. reactant
                                                                                                                  1. methanol
                                                                                                                    1. co
                                                                                                                    2. reaction energetics
                                                                                                                      1. 180C
                                                                                                                        1. 35atm
                                                                                                                  2. advant.
                                                                                                                    1. easy storage
                                                                                                                      1. less expensive
                                                                                                                      2. disad
                                                                                                                        1. toxic
                                                                                                                          1. miscible with water
                                                                                                                            1. tendency to cause blindness
                                                                                                                            2. methanol synthesis operation
                                                                                                                              1. reaction
                                                                                                                                1. seperation
                                                                                                                                  1. distillation
                                                                                                                              2. basic reaction
                                                                                                                                1. reactant
                                                                                                                                  1. CO2, H2
                                                                                                                                    1. reaction energetics
                                                                                                                                      1. endothermic,reversible
                                                                                                                                        1. low temp
                                                                                                                                          1. high pressure
                                                                                                                                        2. CO, 2H2
                                                                                                                                          1. reaction energetics
                                                                                                                                            1. exothermic,, reversible
                                                                                                                                          2. CO2, 3H2
                                                                                                                                            1. reaction energetics
                                                                                                                                              1. exothermic, reversible
                                                                                                                                        3. other ways of methanol production
                                                                                                                                          1. reactant
                                                                                                                                            1. methane
                                                                                                                                              1. oxygen
                                                                                                                                              2. reaction energetics
                                                                                                                                                1. exothermic
                                                                                                                                                2. catalyst
                                                                                                                                                  1. range of metallic catalyst
                                                                                                                                                    1. low %yields
                                                                                                                                                3. FISCHER TROPSCH REACT.
                                                                                                                                                  1. uses
                                                                                                                                                    1. Gas to liquid
                                                                                                                                                      1. syncrude
                                                                                                                                                    2. reaction
                                                                                                                                                      1. products
                                                                                                                                                        1. parrafins
                                                                                                                                                          1. olefins
                                                                                                                                                            1. aromatics
                                                                                                                                                              1. oxygenates
                                                                                                                                                                1. branched compounds
                                                                                                                                                                2. catalyst
                                                                                                                                                                  1. low weight products
                                                                                                                                                                    1. nickel
                                                                                                                                                                    2. high weight product
                                                                                                                                                                      1. rhodium
                                                                                                                                                                      2. modern reactors
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cobalt
                                                                                                                                                                          1. advant.
                                                                                                                                                                            1. better attrition resistance
                                                                                                                                                                              1. TOF is less pressure dependent
                                                                                                                                                                              2. disadv
                                                                                                                                                                                1. expensive
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. less active in WGS
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. less olefins product
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. selectivity more dependent on temperature and concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. deactivated by H20
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. support
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. oxide support
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. promoter
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Noble metal
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. aim
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. promote reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. e.g
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pt, Ru
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Iron
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. disad
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. less attrition resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. TOf is more pressure dependent
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. promoters
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. oxides
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. aim
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. activity stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. alkali
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. aim
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. heavy products
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. olefin selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. copper
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. aim
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. reduction/carbidation promoter
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. adv
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. cheap
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. more olefin product
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. more active in WGS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. selectivity less dependent on temp & conc
                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. REACTANTS
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. N2 from ATR
                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. PROCESS TYPES
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. REFORMING
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. AUTHO THERMAL REFORMING
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. reaction types
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. with CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. reactant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. O2, CH4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. H2/CO ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 1:1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. with steam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. reactant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. steam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. O2, CH4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. H2/CO ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. 2.5:1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. PRODUCTS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. adv
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. H2/CO is variable
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. STEAM REFORMING, SR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. WATER GAS SHIFT, WGS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. energetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. exothermic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. reversible
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Methanation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. INDUST. STEPS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. HIGH TEMP SHIFT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. CATALYST TYPES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. IRON OXIDE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. DISADV
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. METHANATION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. PROMOTER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. large amt of steam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. cobalt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gold
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. 370-420C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. LOW TEMP. SHIFT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. catalyst
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cuo/ZnO/Al2O3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. disadv
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. sintering at high temp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. 230C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. aim
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. increase H from SR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. PRODUCT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. SYNGAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. SYNGAS AS REACTATANT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. reactant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. CH4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. H
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. energetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. high endothermic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. reversible
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. methanation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 400c
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. 900C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. high pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. catalyst
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ni
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. alumina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. WATER GAS SHIFT , WGS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. PROBLEMS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. global warming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ocean acidification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon sequestration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. OTHER IND . PROCESS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. other treatment processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. condensationa & seperation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. demethanizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. nitrogen removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. fractionation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. special treatment process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. HDS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Amine gas treating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. prducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CO and CO2 removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. reaction energetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. high pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. low temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. exothermic reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. REVERSIBLE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. catalyst
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Magnetite +potash
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. reaction product
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ammonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. nitric acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. explosive inndusrty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. domestic cleaning products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nitrogen fertilizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. reaction scheme
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. adsorption, bond breaking and formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. formation of LNG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. temp, -162C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. processess
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. dehydration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. condensate removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. imputry removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. refrigeration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. liquefaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. storage & loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. transportation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. LNG tankers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. presence of water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. rapid phase transitions explosions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. TRANSPORTATION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. TYPES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. SHORT DISTANCCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. PIPELINES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. LONG DISTANCE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. LNG TANKERS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. TYPES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. CONVENTIONAL GAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. SOURCES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. OIL WELLS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ASSOCIATED GAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. COMPOSITION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. DRY GAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. MINOR COMPOSITION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. OTHER SATURATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. ethane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. propane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. n-butanr
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. i-butane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. n-pentane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. hexane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. i-pentane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. IMPURITIES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. helium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. MRI scanners in hospitals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. mercaptans & hYDRO-SULPHIDE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. blended with nat gas for easy detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. making chemicals like sulphuric acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. making cellophane and vulcanized rubber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. carbondioxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. MERCURY
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. OXYGEN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. MAJOR COMPOSITION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. METHANE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. WET GAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. MINOR COMPOSITON
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. METHANE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. IMPURITIES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. dust
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. MAJOR compositon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. other saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. n-penane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ethane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. hexane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. i-butane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. n-butane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. i-pentane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. popane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. GAS WELLS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. NON-ASSOCIATED GAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. UNCONVENTIONAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. SOURCES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. GAS IN GEO-PRESSURED RESERVOIRS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. GAS INT TIGHT SANDS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. GAS IN COAL BED METHANE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. GAS IN SHALE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. GAS IN HYDRATES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. UTILIZATION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. ELECTRIC GENERATION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. 24%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. DOMESTIC
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 22%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. INDUSTRIAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 32%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. COMMERCIAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 14%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. OTHER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. 8%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. SALES GAS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. HRDOCARBON DEW POINT
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