Biology Y9

Nature
1. Kingdoms
  1. Plants
    1. Hvae cells with a definite nucleus, made up of different cells,though not a heterotroph
    2. Herbaceous legume
  2. Animals
    1. Have cells with a definite nucleus, made up of different cells, a heterotroph but doesnt have cell wall, feed by external digestion
    2. Invertabrates
      1. Jelly fish
    3. Vertabrates
      1. Dog
  3. Fungi
    1. Found in any habitat, can be single celled or multicellular
    2. Yeast
  4. Bacteria
    1. Does not have cells or a definite nucleus
    2. Entertis
  5. Protoctista
    1. Made up of different cells with a definite nucleus
    2. Chlorrella
2. Viruses
  1. Ebola
Movement of substances
1. Diffusion
  1. The net movement of particles of a solute or gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a result of random movement
2. Osmosis
  1. The diffusion of water molecules from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water across a partially-permeable membrane
  2. Osmosis in cells
    1. Cell in a dilute solution becomes TURGID
      1. TURGID- Full up with water
    2. Cell in concentrated solution become FLACCID
      1. Cell not completely full up with water
    3. PLASMOLYSED CELL- cytoplasm is pulled away from the wall
      1. PLASMOLYSED- Dying from lack of water.
3. Active transport
  1. The movement of particles against a concentration gradient and/or across a cell membrane
    1. This process uses energy provided by mitochondria, as they carry out the chemical reaction of aerobic respiration
    2. Special carrier protein muscles are needed in the membrane
Co-ordination and response
1. Homeostasis
  1. The maintenance of a constant internal environment
2. Hormones
  1. Kidneys
    1. Pituitary gland
      1. ADH is made
        Controls water absorbed by kidney
  2. The Heart/ Blood vessels
    1. Adrenal body (gland)
      1. Adrenaline is made
        Prepares body for action (fight or flight)
  3. Liver
    1. Pancreas (gland)
      1. Insuline is made
        Contols blood sugar levels
  4. Liver/Kidneys
    1. Thyroid
      1. Thyroxine is made
        Metabolic stimulant
3. Responses
  1. Pin stimulus
    1. Sense organ
      1. Receptor cell
        Sensory neurone
        Brain
        Spinal cord
        Motor neurone
        Response- Reflex reactions
        Laugh
        Cry
        Movement e.g muscle contraction
4. Sequence of reflex arc
  1. Stimulus is detected by receptors
    1. Signal reacher muscle or gland
      1. Signal passes from relay neurone to motor neurone
        Signal reacher muscle (or gland)
        Muscle responds (or gland releases chemicals)
5. Photoreceptor
  1. Responds to light
    1. Red cells in retina of eye
6. Chemoreceptor
  1. Chemicals
    1. Taste buds
7. Stimulus- A change in the environment
  1. Receptor- Recieves stimuli and transdeuces them
    1. Sensory neurone- Carries info as electrical impulses
    2. Central nervous system- Understands electrical impulses and decides what to do with them
8. The Eye
  1. Pupil
  2. Iris
  3. Cornea
  4. Aquaeous humor
  5. Vitraeous humor
  6. Blind spot
  7. Optic nerve
  8. Retina
  9. Rod cells
    1. Cone cells
Ecology and environment
1. Where is nitrogen?
  1. The air (72%)
  2. Hair (cells and cell membranes)
  3. Plants
  4. Urine
  5. Fertilisers
  6. Ammonia
  7. Red blood cells (haemoglobin)
  8. Proteins
  9. DNA
2. Adding/ Removing carbon dioxide
  1. ADD
    1. Respiration
    2. Combustion
    3. Decomposition
  2. REMOVING
    1. Photosynthesis
    2. Fossilisation
    3. Dissolving carbon dioxide in oceans
Transport in humans
1. ARTERY- Oxygenated blood away from the heart
2. VEIN- Deoxygenated blood to the heart

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Biology Y9

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