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Mindmap von Ferran Gros Muñoz, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Cells and Control.
- Cell division.
- Growth.
- What is growth?
- Growth, the increases in cell size and number that
take place during the life history of an organism.
- Growth, the increases in cell size and number that
take place during the life history of an organism.
- Which process does plants use to growth?
- Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants
manufacture food, mainly sugars, from carbon dioxide and
water in the presence of chlorophyll (a green pigment), utilizing
light energy and releasing oxygen and water. Together the
quality, quantity, and duration of light influences plant growth.
- Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants
manufacture food, mainly sugars, from carbon dioxide and
water in the presence of chlorophyll (a green pigment), utilizing
light energy and releasing oxygen and water. Together the
quality, quantity, and duration of light influences plant growth.
- Which process does animals use to growth?
- Mitosis.
- What is Mitosis?
- Mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction,
during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical
daughter cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to
describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes,
the structures that carry the genetic information.
- Mitosis, a process of cell duplication, or reproduction,
during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical
daughter cells. Strictly applied, the term mitosis is used to
describe the duplication and distribution of chromosomes,
the structures that carry the genetic information.
- What are the four stages of Mitosis
- Interphase
- During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its
DNA. During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates its
DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two
new cells.
- During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its
DNA. During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates its
DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two
new cells.
- Prophase
- Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the process that
separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the
nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained
in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
- Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the process that
separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the
nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained
in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
- Anaphase
- Anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material
carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.During anaphase, each pair of
chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are
separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is made of many long proteins
called microtubules, which are attached to a chromosome at one end and to the pole of a cell at the other
end. The sister chromatids are separated simultaneously at their centromeres. The separated
chromosomes are then pulled by the spindle to opposite poles of the cell.
- Anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material
carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.During anaphase, each pair of
chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are
separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is made of many long proteins
called microtubules, which are attached to a chromosome at one end and to the pole of a cell at the other
end. The sister chromatids are separated simultaneously at their centromeres. The separated
chromosomes are then pulled by the spindle to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase
- Telophase is the fifth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated
genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter
cells.During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to
separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which
makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process
called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.
- Telophase is the fifth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated
genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter
cells.During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to
separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which
makes them diffuse and less compact. Along with telophase, the cell undergoes a process
called cytokinesis that divides the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells.
- Metaphase
- Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the process that
separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a
parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Long protein
filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles
on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores
- Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the process that
separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a
parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Long protein
filaments called kinetochore microtubules extended from poles
on either end of the cell and attached to the kinetochores
- Interphase
- What is Mitosis?
- (The process of mitosis generates new cells that are
genetically identical to each other. Mitosis helps
organisms grow in size and repair damaged tissue.).
- Mitosis.
- What is growth?
- Stem Cells.
- Uses and disadvantages of Stem Cells.
- Disadvantages
- The use of embryonic stem cells for research
involves the destruction of blastocysts formed
from laboratory-fertilized human eggs.
- The use of embryonic stem cells for research
involves the destruction of blastocysts formed
from laboratory-fertilized human eggs.
- Embryonic stem cells may not be
the solution for all ailments
- According to a new research, stem cell therapy was
used on heart disease patients. It was found that it
can make their coronary arteries narrower.
- A disadvantage of most adult stem cells is
that they are pre-specialized, for instance,
blood stem cells make only blood, and brain
stem cells make only brain cells.
- These are derived from embryos that are not a
patient's own and the patient's body may reject them.
- One of the main disadvantges found in the
treatments using Stem Cells, is the alteration or
rejection from the body cells that could cause cancer.
- The use of embryonic stem cells for research
involves the destruction of blastocysts formed
from laboratory-fertilized human eggs.
- Uses
- Since stem cells have the ability to turn into various other types of cells,
scientists believe that they can be useful for treating and understanding
diseases. According to the Mayo Clinic, stem cells can be used to: grow
new cells in a laboratory to replace damaged organs or tissues correct
parts of organs that don’t work properly research causes of genetic
defects in cells research how diseases occur or why certain cells develop
into cancer cells test new drugs for safety and effectiveness
- It provides great potential for discovering treatments and
cures to a variety of diseases including Parkinson's
disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer,
spinal cord injuries, diabetes and many more.
- An advantage of the usage of adult stem cells to
treat disease is that a patient's own cells could be
used to treat a patient
- Embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell
types of the body, and may then be more
versatile than adult stem cells.
- Since stem cells have the ability to turn into various other types of cells,
scientists believe that they can be useful for treating and understanding
diseases. According to the Mayo Clinic, stem cells can be used to: grow
new cells in a laboratory to replace damaged organs or tissues correct
parts of organs that don’t work properly research causes of genetic
defects in cells research how diseases occur or why certain cells develop
into cancer cells test new drugs for safety and effectiveness
- Disadvantages
- What are the Stem
Cells?
- Stem cells are special cells produced by bone marrow (a spongy tissue
found in the centre of some bones) that can turn into different types of
blood cells. The 3 main types of blood cell they can become are: red
blood cells – which carry oxygen around the body white blood cells –
which help fight infection platelets – which help stop bleeding A stem
cell transplant involves destroying any unhealthy blood cells and
replacing them with stem cells removed from the blood or bone marrow.
- Stem cells are special cells produced by bone marrow (a spongy tissue
found in the centre of some bones) that can turn into different types of
blood cells. The 3 main types of blood cell they can become are: red
blood cells – which carry oxygen around the body white blood cells –
which help fight infection platelets – which help stop bleeding A stem
cell transplant involves destroying any unhealthy blood cells and
replacing them with stem cells removed from the blood or bone marrow.
- Where we can find stem cells (In the huma body).
- Adult stem cells have been found in the brain, bone marrow,
blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver,
and other (although not all) organs and tissues. They are
thought to live in a specific area of each tissue, where they
may remain dormant for years, dividing and creating new
cells only when they are activated by tissue injury, disease or
anything else that makes the body need more cells.
- Adult stem cells have been found in the brain, bone marrow,
blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver,
and other (although not all) organs and tissues. They are
thought to live in a specific area of each tissue, where they
may remain dormant for years, dividing and creating new
cells only when they are activated by tissue injury, disease or
anything else that makes the body need more cells.
- Where can we find stem cells (in
animals).
- All of the specialised cells in an animal develop from stem cells.
An early animal embryo contains stem cells that have the
potential to divide and develop into any type of specialised body
cell. As the embryo grows and develops, its stem cells divide to
produce cells that develop into the different types of specialised
cell it will need to make functioning tissues and organs.
- All of the specialised cells in an animal develop from stem cells.
An early animal embryo contains stem cells that have the
potential to divide and develop into any type of specialised body
cell. As the embryo grows and develops, its stem cells divide to
produce cells that develop into the different types of specialised
cell it will need to make functioning tissues and organs.
- How many years can the Stem Cells live?
- Storing the stem cells – and accessing them in the
future Once frozen, the stem cells can be stored for
many years and currently, research has proven that
they remain viable for at least 25 years.
- Storing the stem cells – and accessing them in the
future Once frozen, the stem cells can be stored for
many years and currently, research has proven that
they remain viable for at least 25 years.
- Uses and disadvantages of Stem Cells.
- Growth.
- Nervous & Sensory System.
- Neurons.
- What are Neurons?
- Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the
fundamental units of the brain and nervous system,
the cells responsible for receiving sensory input
from the external world, for sending motor
commands to our muscles, and for transforming
and relaying the electrical signals at every step in
between.
- Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the
fundamental units of the brain and nervous system,
the cells responsible for receiving sensory input
from the external world, for sending motor
commands to our muscles, and for transforming
and relaying the electrical signals at every step in
between.
- How neurons
communicate?
- Electrcial impulses
- An electrical nerve impulse travels along the first axon. When the nerve impulse
reaches the dendrites at the end of the axon, chemical messengers called
neurotransmitters are released. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse
(the gap between the two neurons). The chemicals bind with receptor
molecules on the membrane of the second neuron. The receptor molecules on
the second neuron can only bind to the specific neurotransmitters released
from the first neuron. The binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors
stimulates the second neuron to transmit an electrical impulse along its axon.
The signal therefore has been carried from one neuron to the next.
- An electrical nerve impulse travels along the first axon. When the nerve impulse
reaches the dendrites at the end of the axon, chemical messengers called
neurotransmitters are released. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse
(the gap between the two neurons). The chemicals bind with receptor
molecules on the membrane of the second neuron. The receptor molecules on
the second neuron can only bind to the specific neurotransmitters released
from the first neuron. The binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors
stimulates the second neuron to transmit an electrical impulse along its axon.
The signal therefore has been carried from one neuron to the next.
- Electrcial impulses
- What are Neurons?
- Reflexes.
- What are Reflexes?
- In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an
involuntary, unplanned, sequence of action and
nearly instantaneous movement in response to
a stimulus. A reflex is made possible by neural
pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an
impulse before that impulse reaches the brain.
- In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an
involuntary, unplanned, sequence of action and
nearly instantaneous movement in response to
a stimulus. A reflex is made possible by neural
pathways called reflex arcs which can act on an
impulse before that impulse reaches the brain.
- What are Reflexes?
- Neurons.
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