The French Revolution

Anmerkungen:

• French intellectuals and the bourgeoisie supported Enlightenment ideas and tried to put them into practice. Free and equal under the law.

Anmerkungen:

• In France, the Estates General brought together representatives of the three estates of the realm to advise the king.

Anmerkungen:

• The goverment expend a lot of money in the military forces and the intend to increase the taxes.

1. A political revolution ended the Ancient Regime in France
2. In Spain, the first steps towards a new political, economic and social order.
3. Introducing new habits and customs.
4. Art reflected the political, economic and social changes of the time.

1. Third Estate proposed, one vote for each representative
   1. The king refused
      1. Third estate declared themselves the representatives of the nation
         1. They formed a National Assembly
            1. They demanded a constitution

1. The king agreed to the demans
   1. Constituen Assembly was elected to write a constitution
      1. On 14 July 1789, they attacked the Bastille
         1. They abolished the Declaration od the Rights of Man and the Citizen
            1. The king worried tried to escape to Austria to ask for help, but the revolutionaries discovered the king´s plans and prevented his escape
               1. In 1791, the Constituent Assenbly adopted a constitution

1. A new Legislative Assembly was elected
   1. Two groups dominated this assembly
      1. The Girodins

         Anmerkungen:

         • Belived in the revolution, became more moderate. To mantain limited suffrage
      2. The jacobins

         Anmerkungen:

         • Also believed in the revolution, became more moderate, to mantain limited suffrage.
      3. Louis XVI opposed the reforms of the Leislative Assembly and asked Austria for support.
         1. The king, abolished the monarchy and declarated France a republic.

1. Louis XVI was accused of treason and then executed.
   1. European countries declared the war to france to prevent the spred of the recolution.
      1. Under the leadership of Robespierre, the jacobins imposed the dictatorship, known as the Terror

1. By 1795, they established the Directory.
   1. The Directory was a more conservative goverment.
      1. 5 members
         1. In 1799, Framce was still at war with other European powers
            1. In response, General Napoleon Bonaparte organised a militar goverment.
               1. A new form of goverment called the Consulate
                  1. Napoleon himself as head of state and First Consul

1. Domestic policy
   1. He established the Civil Code, that was applied equally to all citizens.
2. International policy
   1. However, from 1812 onwards, his power began to decline becouse he had to divide his forces between two very distant fronts
      1. Spain
      2. Russian Empire
3. Was finally defeted in 1815 at the Battle of Wateloo

1. New forms of goverment, such as constitutional monarchies and republics
2. New constitutions on popular sovereignty, separation of powers
3. New constitutions, limited male suffrage
4. Elections led to the emergence of political groups

1. All citizens now had to pay taxes. Nobility and clergy also
2. New laws guaranteed private property rights.
3. Free trade was also guaranteed, which benefied middle-class merchants

1. Ancien Regime, the estates system ceased to exist.

1. In 1805, French and Spanish forces were defeted in Trafalgar, by the British
   1. In 1807, Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with France
      1. In the end, the French forces occupied Spain and sent Carlos IV and his son Fernando to Bayonne
         1. Joseph Bonaparte, the new King of Spain in 1808

1. During this war, two important processes were taking place at the same time
   1. The War
      1. At first, the Spanish forces won some victories, such as the Battle of Bailen.
      2. Cadiz was the only city that did not fall to French
      3. The French were finally defeated in 1813, thanks to British suport
   2. The political revolution
      1. During the war two separate goverments coexisted in spain
         1. Joseph Bonaparte imposed the Bayonne Constitution, which included enlightened reforms
            1. Joseph Bonaparte had some Spanish supporters, who were called afrancesados
         2. The Central Council represented the absent Fernando VII in the areas not occupied by the French
      2. On 19 March 1812 established the following principles:
         1. Constitutional monarchy as the form of goverment
         2. Popular sovereignty with limited male suffrage
         3. Catholicism as the state religion
         4. The separatioon of powers into three branches:
            1. Executive
            2. Legislative
            3. Judicial
         5. Guaranteed rights and freedoms:
            1. Equality under the law
            2. The right to privacy
            3. Freedom of the press and the prohibition of torture.

1. Marriage became civil union, and divorce was legalised
2. Recognised the rights of children who were born outside of marriage

1. The revolutionaries rejected the traditional calendar, with its Christmas holidays
2. The months of the year were given new names that reflected meteorological conditions

1. Revolutionary leaders opposed women´s participation in politics
2. Overall, women continued to be limited to domestic roles
3. Many women participated in the revolution and demanded the right to vote

1. France adopted the metric system of measurement
2. Napoleon´s army used carriages as ambulances
3. French troops kept their food in metal tins to keep it fresh

1. Was a court painter. His experiences were duting the War of Independence

1. Architecture: Commemorative arches and colums, similar to Roman style
2. Sculpture: Made with white marble, represented mythological or famous people
3. Painting: historical and mythological themes. Also portraits