YELLOW SPOTS BELOW THE EYE OF MR GHASSAN

Hypertension
1. is a persistent elevation of the blood pressure
  1. its a common disorder that affects 25% of the population
2. A major risk factor for
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Congestive heart failure
  3. Renal failure
3. Classification
  1. Primary hypertension
    1. 95% of cases and it doesnt have un underlying cause or disease
    2. Mostly we can link it to genetic infleunces
    3. Poor prognosis and no cure only management
  2. Secondary hypertension
    1. Has un underlying cause (mostly renal disease)
4. Symptoms
  1. Headaches
  2. palpitations
  3. fatigue
  4. shortness of breath
5. Complications
  1. Heart attack
  2. Aneurysm
    1. localized dilations of the blood vessels
  3. Heart failure
Short term regulation of BP
1. Baroreceptor reflex
  1. when the BP decreases
    1. Increased sympathetic outflow
      1. Increase heart rate
      2. Increased contractility
      3. Vasoconstriction
    2. Decreased parasympathetic outflow
      1. Increase heart rate
    3. So the BP increases
  2. When the BP increases
    1. Decreased sympathetic outflow
      1. Decrease heart rate
      2. Decrease contractility
      3. Vasodilation
    2. Increased parasympathetic outflow
      1. Decrease heart rate
    3. So the BP decreases
Long term regulation of the BP
1. Done by the kidney
2. The effects of angiotensin II
  1. Increase release of aldosterone
  2. Vasoconstriction
  3. increase Na/H+ exchange
  4. stimulate thirst sensation
  5. Increase the blood pressure
Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension
1. Diet
  1. Reduce salt and sugar
  2. Increase vegetable consumption
    1. high in nitrates
  3. Decrease saturated and high trans fats
2. Lifestyle changes
Pharmacological treatment of hypertension
1. ACE inhibitors
  1. Decrease aldosterone and increase bradykinin
  2. Enalaprilat is used in hypertensive emergencies
  3. Side effects
    1. Dry cough
    2. Renal failure
2. ARBs
  1. Block the effect of angiotensin II
  2. Safe in heart failure/renal diseases
3. Antiadrenergics
  1. Alpha blockers
    1. Decrease the TPR
  2. Beta blockers
    1. Decrease HR and contractility
    2. Vasodilation
4. Ca channel blockers
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Decrease the HR and contractility
  3. Clevidipine is used in hypertensive emergencies
5. Vasodilators
Dyslipidemias
1. Class of disorders that involve abnormalities in lipids (fats) or lipoproteins in the blood
2. Types
  1. Acquired
    1. Obesity
    2. Physical inactivity
  2. Inherited
3. Clinical manifestations
  1. Xanthoma
  2. Xanthelasmas
  3. Pancreatitis
  4. Corneal arcus

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YELLOW SPOTS BELOW THE EYE OF MR GHASSAN

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	Erstellt von Mohammad Alshammari vor fast 2 Jahre