Retail and Leisure

Definitions
1. Catchment Area- The area of a shop from which it gets its customers
  1. Convenience goods- Low cost items that consumers buy frequently eg milk and bread
    1. Comparison goods- More expensive items that consumers buy less frequently eg clothes and TV
      1. Range- The distance that a consumer is willing to travel to buy a product. Convenience goods have a shorter range than comparison goods
        Threshold- The minimum population needed to create a demand for an item or service. It depends on the value of the product
        High street- The location of all major retail activities such as shops and malls
        Out-of-town shopping- A retail park located in the suburbs of a city
        Internet shopping- When the internet and tech devices are used for ordering products
        Honeypot site- A popular visitor attraction or area where large numbers of people visit. It is a natural area
Changing retail patterns
1. How has it changed?
  1. More people shop online
    1. We spend more on luxury goods
      1. We do all our shopping in one supermarket rather than different stores
        We can access international goods
2. Factors affecting retail change
  1. Increased mobility- Higher car ownership means we can travel further and faster
    1. Changing shopping habits- People shop less frequently but buy more due to more working women
      1. Changing attitudes- Shopping is seen as more for leisure
        Changing nature of retailing- There are only few large supermarket chains that dominate the market
        Rise of internet shopping- People buy more products online and have more supermarket deliveries
Out of Town Retail Centres- The Trafford Centre case study
1. Characteristics
  1. Over 11,500 free parking spaces
    1. It has over 280 shops
      1. It has 36 restaurants
        Good access to M1
2. Impacts
  1. Pros
    1. Creates more services and jobs for the locals- 8000 people are employed here
      1. Causes more investment in the CBD, leading to pedestrianisation
        Takes stress away from transport in the CBD
        Convenient for local shoppers
  2. Cons
    1. Causes the closure of high street shops so unemployment increases- cycle of deprivation
      1. 37% of shops in Altrincham are vacant
        More air and noise pollution in the motorway due to more visitors
        Can cause local businesses to close down due to more competition
High street decline and regeneration of CBDs
1. Reasons for decline
  1. Rise in online shopping
    1. Attraction of out-of-town retail centres
      1. Rise in crime rates
        Very high rent for shops and residents, causing people to move away
2. Impacts of decline
  1. More shops close ao lower footfall and less profits fro shops
    1. Derelict buildings may be vandalised so customers feel less safe and shop elsewhere
      1. Less jobs creates social decline
3. Sheffield Case Study
  1. Problems
    1. The out-of-town Meadowhall retail centre caused several shops to close down in the CBD which attracted many vandals
  2. Solutions
    1. 100 new shops with a covered roof were built
      1. 200 modern, safe residential areas were created
        A John Lewis flagmark store was established to improve the marketing reputation
        Improved parking spaces and transport system
        The Retail Quarters has a covered shopping centre
  3. Other regeneration methods
    1. Pedestrianised zones
      1. Having special market days such as a Christmas market
        Improve security via CCTV
        More green space
Online Shopping
1. How tech is changing retail
  1. Reduces the footfall in shops as fewer people are physically shopping
    1. Increases online shopping
      1. More delivered goods
        Smaller shops in the CBD have closed down
        Increased transport efficiency contributes to globalisation due to world shipping
        People who sell their goods online don't have to pay for rent or electricity
        Online shopping is more convenient as people in rural areas can easily access goods across the world
2. Impacts of Amazon
  1. Positives
    1. Creates lots of jobs- 55,000 people in the UK work for Amazon
      1. Customers can buy a large range of products at a cheaper price
        3rd party sellers can sell their goods on Amazon, helping businesses
  2. Negatives
    1. They put other smaller businesses selling goods at a higher price out of customers
      1. Independent sellers only get 35% of the profit of their goods
        More deliveries increases air pollution
Case Study- 2015 Rugby World Cup
1. Impacts
  1. Positives
    1. Small businesses will benefit financially from an increase in customers
      1. 16,000 people were directly employed due to tournament
        Cardiff gained £316 million from visitors
        The popularity of Cardiff increased, drawing in more businesses to the tourism industry
        Hotels gained profits
        All this creates a positive multiplier effect
  2. Negatives
    1. Increased litter by large crowds
      1. Increased congestion in CBD due to more transport used- reduces safety for pedestrians
        More crowds=more noise pollution=disturbs locals
        More transport for tourists for planes and cars increased CO2 emissions, contributing to global warming
        Increased crime rates and more crowds attracts burglars so less safety for residents and tourists
2. Legacy
  1. More investment in sporting facilities so more people do sports so there is better health and fitness
    1. This improves Cardiff's reputation as a sporting city and attracts more visitors, improving the economy
      1. Tourists were encouraged to also visit other parts of Wales so rural and urban areas benefit from tourism
        All this makes the economy and health of the future generations more sustainable
Case Study- The Lake District
1. Background
  1. It is a honeypot site as it has boating on Lake Windermere, camping sites etc
    1. It is a National Park- areas of protected natural beauty
      1. 33% of its economy is contributed by tourism
        It has the highest peaks in England as well as the deepest lakes
2. Impacts
  1. Positive
    1. Provides local people with job opportunities
      1. Tourists spend money
  2. Negatives
    1. Footpath erosion- When planst are trampled upon, stones are exposed so are more prone to erosion- 87% of tourist use footpaths
      1. Tourists drop litter
        Congestion is a problem as it causes air and noise pollution. Boat riding alos causes air pollution
        Animals are disturbed
        Many second homes leads to a housing shortage and can cause local areas to lose their distinct characteristics
3. Solutions to problems
  1. Improved public transport
    1. Traffic restrictions
      1. Ban on second homes
        The Fix the Fells Scheme aims at raising money to fix 145 seriously eroded footpaths
        Educational schemes where the NPA (National Park Authority) edcucates people on the issues and what to do to prevent it
  2. It is diffiuclt to enforce many laws as a lot of the land is privately owned and peole want money rather than protecting the environment

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Retail and Leisure

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