Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates (major energy source)
- Monomers (Simple)
- Monosaccharides (C6H12O6)
Anmerkungen:
- -5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbons
- Glucose
- Fructose
Anmerkungen:
- 2 of carbons are outside of ring
- Galactose
- Disaccharides (double sugars)
Anmerkungen:
- molecules joined by condensation reactions (a water molecule is lost)
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
Anmerkungen:
- -alpha 1-4 linkages
-formed by a condensation reaction (lose a water molecule)
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Anmerkungen:
- -a.k.a table sugar
-most comes from beets
- Lactose (galactose + glucose)
Anmerkungen:
- Polysaccharides (Complex)
Anmerkungen:
- multiple mono/disaccharides join
- Storage Polysaccharides
- Starch (plants)
Anmerkungen:
- -Insoluble
-alpha 1-4 linkages
- Amylose (unbranched)
- Amylopectin (branched)
- Glycogen (animals)
Anmerkungen:
- -insoluble; more branches than amylopectin
-stored in liver and muscle tissue (skeletal)
-alpha 1-4 + 1-6 linkages
- Structural Polysaccharides
- Cellulose (fibre)
Anmerkungen:
- -linear, unbranched
-forms fibrils which reinforce plant cell walls
-cannot be digested by animals
- Chitin
Anmerkungen:
- -polymer of an amino sugar
-makes up exoskeletons
-chitin + calcium = hard
-semi conductor under certain conditions
- Proteins (Polypeptides)
Anmerkungen:
- -50% of dry weight of cells
-"molecular tools"
-NATIVE CONFORMATION is the shape in which a protein functions best
-assisted by chaperone proteins
-proteins can be DENATURED (unfold and become non-functional) by changes in temp, pH, or salt concentration
- Primary Structure (DNA blueprint)
Anmerkungen:
- -sequence of amino acids
-determined by a single gene
-peptide bonds
- Secondary Structure (regular, repeated backbone folding)
- Alpha Helix (H-bonds b/w every 4th peptide bond)
- Beta Pleated Sheet (H-bonds b/w polypeptide chains)
- Tertiary Structure (irregular folding of a polypeptide via R-group interactions)
Anmerkungen:
- -R-group (side chain) interactions
-"Globular proteins" b/c chape is irregular and globular
- H-bonds
- Ionic bonds
- disulfide bridge (covalent)
- Hydrophobic
- Quaternary Structure (multiple polypeptides)
Anmerkungen:
- -weak interactions/disulfide bridges (eg -s-s-)
-each polypeptide chain is a SUBUNIT of the protein
- Enzymes (catalysts)
Anmerkungen:
- -reduce activation energy required for a reaction to occur
- Thermodynamic Laws
Anmerkungen:
- 1. total amt of energy in the universe is constant
2. Disorder (entropy) in the universe is always increasing
- Activation Energy
Anmerkungen:
- amount of energy required to start a reaction
- Lock and Key Theory
Anmerkungen:
- -one enzyme (loc) has a specific shape for one set of substrates (key)
- Induced-Fit Theory
Anmerkungen:
- -shape of the active site changes somewhat after substrate(s) bind to it
- Competitive Inhibition
Anmerkungen:
- -"look-alike" molecule binds to active site
-enzyme unable to bind with substrate
-enzymes inactivated
- Penicillin
Anmerkungen:
- kills succeptible bacteria by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in cell wall biosynthesis
- ACE Inhibitors
Anmerkungen:
- Inhibit enzymes that make angiotensin II hormone (constricts blood vessels)
- Ethanol
Anmerkungen:
- antidote for methanol poisoning
- Grapefruit
Anmerkungen:
- Inhibit a drug-metabolizing enzyme in the small intestine
- Non-Competitive Inhibition
Anmerkungen:
- Molecules bind to a site adjacent to active cite and change the shape of the active site
- Eg) Heavy metals
- Allosteric Regulation
Anmerkungen:
- Molecules bind to a site AWAY from active site
- Allosteric activation
- Allosteric deactivation
- Co-enzyme (vitamin aiding enzyme's action)
- Co-factor (mineral aiding enzyme's action
- Lipids (Energy and Structure)
Anmerkungen:
- -C, O, H (no ratio)
-hydrophobic
- Fats and Oils
Anmerkungen:
- *Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acid chains
*joined by ester linkages
- Saturated Fatty Acids
Anmerkungen:
- -solid at room temp
*Every carbon bond holds a Hydrogen
-eg) animal fats
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Anmerkungen:
- -liquid at room temp
*Some double bonds (more double bonds = healthier)
- Monounsaturated (1 double bond)
- Polyunsaturated (more than 1 double bond)
- Cis isomer (H's on same side)
- Trans isomer (H's on opposite side)
- Phospholipids
Anmerkungen:
- -fat derivitives
-important in cell membranes
*AMPHIPATHIC (hydrophobic + hydrophillic regions)
- Hydrophilic head
- Hydrophobic tails
Anmerkungen:
- Sterols
Anmerkungen:
- -flat ring structure of carbons
- Cholesterol (most common)
Anmerkungen:
- -found in cell membranes
-makes membranes less permeable
- High-density Lipoprotein (good)
- Low-Density Lipoprotein (bad)
- Nucleic Acids / Polynucleotides (Structure, Functional)
Anmerkungen:
- -in nucleus and mitochondria
-polymers of nucleotides
- Nucleotides
- Consists of:
- a nitrogen base
- Pyrimidines (single ring)
- Thymine (DNA) / Uracil (RNA)
- Cytosine (DNA & RNA)
- Purines (double ring)
- Adenine (DNA & RNA)
- Guanine (DNA & RNA)
- a 5-carbon sugar
- Deoxyribose (DNA)
- Ribose (RNA)
- a phosphate group
- 2 types
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Anmerkungen:
- -Chemical basis for the gene
-found in nuclei of cells
- Ribonucleic Acid
Anmerkungen:
- -close copies of genes
-found in cytoplasm