A2 PE; psychology

Anmerkungen:

• attitude can be seen as an aspect of someones personality but tends not be regarded as a particular trait directed towards a particular situation, fairly enduring once they have been formed.
• -trandis (1977) said that "an idea charged with emotion which predisposes a class of actions to a particular class of social situations" -Mednick (1975) "a predisposition to act in a certain way owards some aspect of a persons environment including other people"

1. Triadic model of attitudes

   Anmerkungen:

   • this has three elements: - beliefs- the cognitive elemnt -emotions- the affective element-behaviour- the behavioural element.
   • your beliefs are from your past experiences and what you have learned from others, including role models, such as parents or peers.
   • attitude to fitness training can be made up of the belief that fitness training will keep you fit and enhance your body image. This is the cognitive element 
   • your emotions towards a person or an object depends on your past experiences
2. winning attitude in sport

   Anmerkungen:

   • Golby and Sheard (2004) researched elite rugby players in the UK showed higher levels of mental toughness and hardiness defined as a tendencey to keep trying under difficult situations they asked 115 professional rugby players from three standards of the game - international, super league, and division one. And they completed two questionnaires,  personal views survey III-R- a measure of mental hardiness. and the psychological performance inventory- a measure of mental toughness on the mental hardiness international performers scored significantly higher than the division one players this means that they are able influence matches on the mental toughness test they international players scored higher than the division one players on negative energy control and attention control, showing they are able to stay calm and relaxed under pressure

1. cognitive arousal
   1. Increased focus
   2. heightened awareness
   3. narrowing attention
   4. decreased reaction time
   5. anxiety and appression
   6. tension
   7. negative self talk
   8. difficulty sleeping
   9. inability to concentrate
   10. fear and anger
2. somatic arousal
   1. increased HR
   2. Increased BR
   3. sweating
   4. headache
   5. cold, clammy hands
   6. constant need to urine
   7. dry mouth
   8. dazed look in the eyes
   9. feeling of nausea
   10. increased muscle tension
   11. butterflies in stomach
   12. increased BP
   13. Galvanic skin respons

       Anmerkungen:

       • A change in the electrical resistance of the skin
   14. Increased hormone levels

       Anmerkungen:

       • adrenaline in the blood
3. Thories
   1. Catastrophe

      Anlagen:

      • Theory of anrousals
      1. Higher arousal better performance until a certain point

         Anmerkungen:

         • This is a sudden drop in performance (catastrophe) 
         • Can result in a recover (only in experienced performers
   2. Inverted U

      Anmerkungen:

      • Yerkes and Dodson Law (1908)

      Anlagen:

      • Theory of anrousals
      1. Higher arousal better performance until a certain point

         Anmerkungen:

         • This is a gradual decrease in performance
         • This depends on the level of performance (cognitive, associative, autonomous)
   3. Drive theory

      Anmerkungen:

      • Hull (1943)

      Anlagen:

      • Theory of anrousals
      1. Higher the arousal the better the performance

         Anmerkungen:

         • Very basic, not enough evidence to support this, Usain Bolt false start at the world athletic championships