Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Clotting and AntiThrombotic Therapy
- Normal Clotting and Anticoag Processes
- Primary Hemostasis
- primary hemostasis
bleeding disorders
Anmerkungen:
- Von Willebrand Factor Disease
- Anti platelet Drugs
- COX-1 inhibitor
- PDE inhibitor
- ADP antagonist
- GP 2b 3a antagonist
- Secondary Hemostasis
- secondary hemostasis
bleeding disorders
Anmerkungen:
- Key Thing to Know: Vitamin K
dependent Proteins
Anmerkungen:
- • II, VII, IX and X are vitamin K dependent
– So are the anticoagulants Protein C and S
• Produced in hepatocytes initially as precursors
• Glutamic acid residues (within the GLA domain) are
carboxylated to gamma carboxy glutamic acid by a
vitamin K dependent carboxylase
• Gamma carboxy glutamic acids are necessary for
interaction with platelet membranes & Ca++
• No vitamin K no gamma carboxy glutamic acids
no membrane bound coagulation factor complexes
- Anticoagulation Drugs
- Vit K antagonist
- Natural Anticoag System
- Anticoagulation Drugs
- Enter text here
- Fibrinolytic System
- Fibrinolytic Drugs
- tPA
- Streptokinase
- Key Components
Anmerkungen:
- Fibrin clot Plasminogen & plasmin Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Fibrin degradation products including D‐dimers
Alpha‐2 antiplasmin Plasminogen activator inhibitor
- Key Clinical Tests to Know
- D Dimer
Anmerkungen:
- • ↑ DD indicates clotting activity
“normal” DD would rule out the presence of any
significant clot, ie …
• Pulmonary embolus
• DVT
**Requires a highly sensitive assay**
- Mixing Studies
Anmerkungen:
- Use: Is a prolongation due to factor deficiency or
inhibitor?
• Basis: 50% of any factor is sufficient for normal clotting
• Procedure: Mix equal amounts of normal and patient
plasma repeat test
• Interpretation:
– If the PT/PTT corrects into the normal range than the
prolongation was due to a factor deficiency
– If not, the prolongation is due to an inhibitor in the patient’s
plasma that is interfering with clot formation (factor specific
antibody, lupus anticoagulant, heparin)
- PTT
Anmerkungen:
- Evaluates the intrinsic pathway
• All elements involved are intrinsic to the
circulation … ie, no TF
• Used for monitoring of unfractionated heparin
Specimen collected in citrate to remove Ca++
• Patient’s platelets removed by centrifugation
• Silica is added to the specimen along with
Ca++ and phospholipids previously removed …
t0
– Phospholipids ‐ TF = partial thromboplastin
- PT
Anmerkungen:
- • Evaluates the extrinsic pathway
• Initiated by TF which is extrinsic to the
circulation
• Specimen collected in citrate to remove Ca++
• Patient’s platelets removed by centrifugation
• TF is added to the specimen along with Ca++
and phospholipids previously removed … t0
– Phospholipids + TF = thromboplastin
- INR
Anmerkungen:
- • TF reagents are variably thrombogenic
• INR was devised to standardize the PT results across labs
• Developed to facilitate warfarin management
– Your patient returns to Connecticut from winter in Florida
• Each batch of manufactured TF is assigned an ISI (International
Sensitivity Index)
• ISI value indicates how the batch of TF compares to an
internationally standardized sample
• INR = an equation you don’t need to know
• Normal INR ≈ 1; typical therapeutic INR ≈ 2‐3
– The average INR of FFP (fresh frozen plasma) is 1.5
- Bad Clot Formation!!!
Anmerkungen:
- What is Virchow's Triad?
alteration in blood flow -stasis/turbulence
endothelial injury-collagen and TF
alterations in composition of blood (pro and anti coag)