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Zimbabwe: Land Reform
- Colonial Dispossession 1890s
- Cecil Rhodes; British SA Company; 'White Highlands' vs. 'Native Reserves'
- Cecil Rhodes; British SA Company; 'White Highlands' vs. 'Native Reserves'
- War of Independence 1973 - 79
- Lancaster House Agreement 1979:
'willing seller, willing buyer'
- Thatcher; Britain would pay half (full market price, immediately, in foreign
currency); 'willing seller, willing buyer'; duration of 10 yrs/2 terms
- >> independence in 1980; Mugabe; ZANU
- white commercial farmers producing 90% of country's
food reqs; 42% of country owned by 6000 large scale
farmers (white) (Palmer, 1990)
- 1989: commercial farmers owned 29% of
land and were not longer primarily white
- 1989: commercial farmers owned 29% of
land and were not longer primarily white
- white commercial farmers producing 90% of country's
food reqs; 42% of country owned by 6000 large scale
farmers (white) (Palmer, 1990)
- slow: to to wbws and lack of financial resources
- >>War Veteran land occupations - 1500 famrs
- >>War Veteran land occupations - 1500 famrs
- 40% - communal land; 40%
commercial farm (BBC, 2010)
- redistribution began in 1981; black
areas 3x more densely populated
- 53,000 families resettled (aim
of 162,000 by 1984)
- one of the most successful aid programs in history - The Economist
- one of the most successful aid programs in history - The Economist
- aimed to provide land to peasants
- Hoogeveen & Kinsey (2001): - RA
households crop 2x land, earn 3x unit
revenue of CA families
- but some problems with child nutrition in RAs
- effects not fully realized in one generation
- effects not fully realized in one generation
- but some problems with child nutrition in RAs
- Hoogeveen & Kinsey (2001): - RA
households crop 2x land, earn 3x unit
revenue of CA families
- 53,000 families resettled (aim
of 162,000 by 1984)
- Thatcher; Britain would pay half (full market price, immediately, in foreign
currency); 'willing seller, willing buyer'; duration of 10 yrs/2 terms
- 2000 referendum: fast track
resettlement scheme
- 2000 referendum
- Mugabe; ZANU PF; unfair election
- Mugabe; ZANU PF; unfair election
- 2010: Ian Scoones - not a complete failure
- much violence
- 3000 commercial farms for compulsory
resettlement; 5m hectares
- extended to 8.5m in 2002
- extended to 8.5m in 2002
- regional bread
basket >> importing
food
- US $90 on food imports; esp maize and wheat
- US $90 on food imports; esp maize and wheat
- SADC tribunal argued it violated international and
Zimbabwean law - race discrimination -
Constitutionall Amendment 17
- Justice Rix: land without training
or supplies
- Justice Rix: land without training
or supplies
- 2000 referendum
- Land Acquisition Act 1992
- aimed to speed up land reform by removing
'willing buyer, willing seller clause'
- aimed to speed up land reform by removing
'willing buyer, willing seller clause'
- 1923: white minority rule
- Land Apportionment Act of 1930: white/native
purchase/national land 50.8/7.7/22.4% the rest unassigned
- Morris Carter Act 1925
- Land Apportionment Act of 1930: white/native
purchase/national land 50.8/7.7/22.4% the rest unassigned
- 1965: unilateral declarationof Independence
- 'tribal trust lands' in 1965 statute
- Europeans own most land in agro zone 1 and 2
and that clsoe to railways
- Europeans own most land in agro zone 1 and 2
and that clsoe to railways
- favoured whites - from loans
to servicing European roads
- 'tribal trust lands' in 1965 statute
- 2008-9 hyperinflation
- peak month of inflation - 6.5
sextillion % in Nov 2008
- abandoned currency in 2009 - Zimb Dollar
- peak month of inflation - 6.5
sextillion % in Nov 2008
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