ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Development of T and B cells
1. Lymphocytes
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
2. antigent-independent maturation occurs in :
  1. T cells in thymus
  2. B cells in bone marrow
3. Markers or receptors
  1. Bind to receptors on the other cells
  2. Bind to antigens
  3. Transmit and receive mesaages
4. Common receptor molecule
  1. major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
    1. Class 1
      1. expressed on all nucleated cells
    2. Class 2
      1. on antigen-presenting cells
        macrophages
        dendritic cells
        B cells
    3. Class 3
      1. on proteins associated with the complement system
  2. Cluster of differentiation (CD)
    1. over 300 CD molecules identified
    2. CD4 binds to MHC class 2
    3. CD8 binds MCH class 1
  3. Antigen-specific receptors
5. have antigens specific receptors
  1. recognize one type of unique antigens
  2. key shapes (receptor) and lock shapes (antigens)
  3. carrying one specific
6. clonal deletion
  1. eliminate lymphocytes that recognise self antigen
presentation of antigens
1. antigens : substance that can provoke immune response
  1. one antigen may have one epitope
  2. antigenicity
    1. size
    2. Complexity
    3. Foreigness
  3. antigen- presenting cells
    1. Macrophages
    2. Dendritic cells
    3. B cells
    4. Roles :
      1. phagocytosis of enemy cell
      2. fusion of lysosome and phagosome
      3. enzymes start to degrade enemy cell
      4. enemy cell broken into small fragments
      5. fragments of antigen presented on APC surface
      6. Leftover fragments released by exocytosis
2. epitopes : the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself
T cells response
1. activation stimulates into :
  1. subtypes of T helper cells
    1. stimulate the other cells
      1. macrophages
      2. B cells
      3. Tc cells
  2. Memory T cells
    1. store immunological memory
  3. Regulatory T cells
    1. cativate other cell to prevent excessive inflammation and autoimmunity
  4. Cytotoxic T cells
    1. infected host cell
    2. cancerous host cell
    3. foreign cell for other humans or animals
B cells response
1. can be activate without the help of T helper cell
2. differentiate
  1. memory B cells
    1. store immunological memory
  2. Regulatory B cells
    1. regulate other cells to prevent excessive inflammation
  3. Plasma cells
    1. Launch billions of antibodies to attack the invader
      1. Neutralisation
      2. Opsonisation
      3. Agglutination
      4. Antitoxin action

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ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

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