Additional Chemistry

atoms
1. mass number
  1. protons + neutrons
2. atomic number
  1. number of protons
isotopes
1. different atomic forms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
ionic bonding
1. give away electrons
  1. positive ion
    1. groups 1 and 2
2. gain electrons
  1. negative ion
    1. groups 6 and 7
3. high melting/boiling points
  1. strong attraction between ions
4. dissolve easily in water
  1. ions separate
    1. conduct electricity
covalent bonding
1. share electrons to form full outer shell
  1. dot and cross diagrams
2. simple molecular substances
  1. atoms have very strong covalent bonds
  2. weak intermolecular forces
    1. low melting/boiling points
3. giant covalent structures
  1. strong covalent bonds
    1. high melting/boiling points
  2. diamond
  3. graphite
metallic bonding
1. sea of free electrons among metal atoms
  1. good conducters of heat/electricity
alloys
1. mixture of two or more metals
2. harder
nanoparticles
1. really tiny
2. fullerenes
  1. molecules of carbon
polymers
1. thermosoftening
  1. weak intermolecular forces
    1. no cross linking chains
      1. easy to melt
2. thermosetting
  1. strong intermolecular forces
    1. crosslinks
      1. strong/hard/rigid
3. low density
  1. high pressure
    1. flexible
      1. plastic bags
4. high density
  1. low pressure with catalyst
    1. rigid
      1. water tanks
relative formula mass
moles
1. mass of element g / relative formula mass
  1. 42 g of carbon / 12 (RFM) = 3.5 moles
percentage yield
1. (actual yield / predicted yield) X 100
chromotography
1. separates artificial colours
  1. filter paper
  2. gas
rates of reaction
1. temperature
2. concentration
3. ctalayst
4. surface area
5. collision theory
  1. more collisions increase rate of reaction
    1. higher temperature
    2. higher concnetration
    3. larger surface area
endothermic
1. transfers energy to surroundings
exothermic
1. takes energy in from surroundings
salts
1. acid + base <> salt + water
2. acid + metal <> salt + hydrogen
3. acid + metal oxide <> salt + water
4. acid + metal hydroxide <> salt + water
electrolysis
1. splitting up with electricity
  1. OILRIG
  2. + ions lose electrons and go to - electrode (cathode)
  3. - ions gain electrons go to + electrode (anode)

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Additional Chemistry

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