Chemistry

Chemistry

Hydrocarbon Derivatives
1. Halogenated Derivatives
  1. Functional Group
    1. Hydrogens replaced with halogen
      1. F or Flour
      2. Cl or Chloro
      3. Br or Bromo
      4. I or Iodo
  2. Nomenclature
    1. For more explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxQpssQKPZI
    2. 1. Appoint chain more long
      1. 2. It begins by the end most close to the first substituent.
        3. Will I settle by alphabetical priority
  3. Physical properties
    1. Boiling Point
      1. Increases with molecular mass
      2. F < Cl < Br < I
    2. Density
      1. Iodides and Bromides are more dense
      2. Fluorinated and Chlorinated are less dense
    3. Solubility
      1. they are insoluble in water
  4. Chemical Properties
    1. They are reactive and have applications in organic synthesis reactions
    2. Formation of alcohols
      1. Reaction where an alkyl reacts with a strong base
  5. Applications
    1. Solvents
    2. Produce plastics
    3. Propellants
    4. Foaming agents
    5. Refrigerants
    6. Agens for dry cleaning
    7. Incecticides
2. Alcohols
  1. Functional Group
    1. Hydrogen replaces by hydroxyl groups
      1. Example
      2. Hydroxyl goup
        - OH
  2. Nomenclature
    1. 1. Select chain long
      1. 2. start with the end more next to - OH
        3. use the same rules of alkanes to indicate other groups
        4. name the main chain with "ol" ending with the number where the Group - OH
        For more explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ7QSV4JRSs
  3. Physical properties
    1. Boiling point and Density
      1. If they present isomerism, greatest number of ramifications, lower boiling point
      2. Climbing according to the molecular mass
    2. Solubility
      1. Soluble: methanol, ethanol and propanol:
      2. Slightly soluble: butanol, pentanol and hexanol
      3. Insoluble: heptanol and octanol
      4. More branching increases the slubilidad in the water
  4. Chemical properties
    1. Reaction of Oxidation
      1. Rust to Carbonyl Compounds
      2. Oxidizing common: copper, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate.
      3. Primary alcohols are oxidised to aldehydes
        Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids
      4. Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones
      5. Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized
    2. Esterification Reaction
      1. Alcohols reaction with carboxylic acids with hot acid
        Esters
        Nice smell, synthesize flavors or fragrances of fruit
  5. Applications
  6. Classification
    1. Primary
      1. One Radical
    2. Secondary
      1. Two Radicals
    3. Tertiary
      1. Three Radical
    4. Note: there are no Quaternary because carbon has four atoms and would not have a link to the Group - OH
  7. Identification of alcohols
    1. They react with sodium metal
    2. Esterification reaction form esters
    3. Differentiate between alcohols
      1. Application lucas
        Turbidity appears to react with HCL in the presence of ZnCl2
      2. Ambient temperature
        Tertiary alcohols: immediately
        Secondary alcohols: five minutes
        Primary: almost did not make it
  8. Methods for obtaining
    1. Natural sources
      1. Sugary foods more conditions without air equals ethanol
3. Ethers
  1. Functional Group
    1. Organic derivatives of water
      1. Two hydrogens replaced by organic radicals
    2. Symmetrical
    3. Asymmetric
  2. Nomenclature
    1. Two ways to name them
      1. Two groups R
        Ether
      2. Ether
        Alkyl or aryl
        Added completion "ico"
    2. For more explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWjOHSM0S_I
  3. Physical properties
    1. More lighter than water
    2. Pleasant smell
    3. Boiling points similar to the alkanes and less than alcohols
    4. Polar
    5. Solubility
      1. Is similar to the alcohols
  4. Application
4. Aldehydes
  1. Functional Group
    1. Carbonyl group
      1. Atom of hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group
  2. Physical properties
    1. Four atoms are water-soluble, but seven are insoluble
    2. Boiling points greater than the hydrocarbons but lower alcohols
    3. Density lower than water
  3. Nomenclature
    1. Systematics
      1. Rules same as name alkanes
        Added termination "al"
        Starts the chain of the end location of the aldehyde
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeyBfrx5RJY
  4. Chemical properties
    1. Oxidation reaction
      1. Easy oxidation
        Carboxylic acids
  5. Application
    1. ETC.
5. Ketones
  1. Functional Group
    1. Carbonyl Group
      1. Is attached to two carbon atoms
  2. Nomenclature
    1. Systematics
      1. Rules same as name alkanes
        Added terminatio "one"
        It begins the chain of branching more close
        where number is the ketone
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD15pD5pCt4
  3. Physical properties
    1. Density lower than water
    2. Four atoms are water-soluble, but seven are insoluble
    3. Boiling points greater than the hydrocarbons but lower alcohols
  4. Chemical Properties
    1. Oxidation reaction
      1. Hard oxidation
        Carboxylic acids
  5. Application
6. Carboxylic Acids
  1. Application
  2. Physical properties
    1. high melting points
    2. colorless and soluble
    3. they are liquids up to nine carbons
    4. Boling points more than alcohols
  3. Functional Group
    1. combination of group Carbonyl and hydroxyl
  4. Chemical properties
    1. they are very acid
  5. Nomenclature
    1. the carboxyl carbon is considered the number one chain
      1. follow the rules of the alkanes
        writes first acid and it ends with "oico"
        two groups ends "dioico""
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8h7QgevqjM
7. Amines
  1. amines and cancer
    1. aromatic amines
      1. cancer
        2-aminonaphthalene and the bendicina
  2. Nomenclature
    1. in alphabetical groups alkyl or aryl
      1. added the suffix "amina"
        f the substituents are the same used "di or tri"
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpov3GS6tjM
  3. Clasification
    1. secondary
      1. two hiddrogenos replaced
    2. tertiary
      1. three hydrogens replaced
    3. primary
      1. one hydrogen replaced
  4. Functional Group
    1. nitrogen compounds
      1. hydrogens replaced by groups Alkyls or arils
  5. Physical propierties
    1. molecular mass increases, boiling point increases
    2. water soluble small amines

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