Improvements In surgery 1845-1919

Anaesthetics
1. 1799- FIRST Anaesthetic = Nitrous Oxide (Davey)
  1. Not strong enough, made people giggle
2. 1846- SECOND Anaesthetic= Ether (Liston)
  1. Vomiting, Flammable, Irritant
    1. Knocked out patient for a long time,
3. 1847- BEST Anaesthetic (Simpson)
  1. Hannah Greener died from overdose along with many others
  2. 1848- JOHN SNOW - chloroform inhaler
    1. Queen Victoria used it succesfully
Antiseptics
1. SEMMELWEIS
  1. Noticed women getting 'child bed fever' from bacteria carried across from the surgery theatre to the labour room on surgeons hands
    1. His big idea- wash hands with chlorinated solution
      1. No one listened- he had no evidence
2. LISTER
  1. Suggested the use of Carbolic Acid
    1. To sterilise doctor's tools and hands
    2. Made an improvement, to a carbolic spray to sterilise operating table and air around
      1. Antiseptic ligatures
  2. People believed him over Semmelweis
    1. Read Pasteur's Germ theory
Blood Transfusions
1. FIRST transfusions- to give murderers peaceful characteristics
  1. Died in agony
2. Problems with Blood loss
  1. Patients = bleed to death
  2. Difficult for surgeon to see what they are doing
  3. Slippery surfaces and tools- dangerous
  4. How they dealt with it
    1. Turniquet
    2. Ligatures
    3. Cauterisation
3. 1901- Karl Lansteiner- blood groups A, B and O
  1. AB discovered 1902
4. 1915- Lewisonn
  1. Sodium nitrated added to blood- stopped clotting.
5. 1916- Rous and Turner
  1. Citrate glucose- blood lasted longer
6. 1917- First Blood Bank

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Improvements In surgery 1845-1919

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