People With Hippocampus Damage

Anterograde and Reterograde Amnesia
1. Anterograde - inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage
2. Retrograde - loss of memory for events that occurred before th brain damage
  1. Confined to 1-3yrs before surgery/more extensive
  2. More severe for time leading up to damage
3. Amnesic patients can usually tell where they lived as a child and teenage but not able to say 3 years ago
  1. Bayley, Hopkins and Squire (2006)
Intact Working Memory
1. STM remained in tact
2. Asked to remember 584
  1. 15 min delay with no distractions, was able to repeat back
  2. After distraction shifted, he forgot numbers
  3. Milner (1959)
3. Other patients with severe amnesia also show normal WM, given lack of distraction
  1. Shrager, Levy, Hopkins & Squire (2008)
Impaired Storage of LTM
1. When asked age and year, HM said 27 and year 1953
  1. After few years, started guessing wildly
    1. Corkin (1984)
2. Read same magazine repeatedly without getting bored
3. Told someone of childhood incident and later forgot he had told them and said the story again
  1. Eichenbaum (2002)
4. Watched news every night but could only recall few events since 1953
5. Didn't recognise photo's of himself but recognised person in the mirror
  1. Corkin (2002)
6. Formed weak semantic memories for new info he encountered repeatedly
  1. Celebs names after 1953
7. No amnesic patients could remember the labels for each of the shapes and eventually was able to describe them.
Better Implicit than Explicit Memory
1. All amnesiacs show better impact than explicit memories
2. Explicit
  1. Deliberate recall of information that one recognised as a memory
    1. Also known as declarative
3. Implicit
  1. influence of experience on behaviour even if you do not recognise that influence
  2. Three hospital workers agreed to act in special ways toward patient with amnesia
    1. One pleasant, one neutral, one stern
    2. Asked repeatedly who they would turn to for help, mostly always picked friendly one
      1. Even though they don't remember them and couldn't say why
    3. Tranel & Damasio (1993)
Severe Impairment of Episodic Memory
1. HM Severe impairment of episodic memories
  1. memories of single personal events
  2. Couldn't describe any experiences after surgery
    1. Retrograde amnesia was also greatest for episodic memories
2. KC damaged hippo and lost ability to create episodic memories
  1. Looks at family photos, can say who is who but not the event where photo was taken
3. If you try to imagine future event you call upon memory of similar experiences and modify them
  1. Studies with fMRI show describing past events and imagining future events activate same areas inc. hippo
    1. Addis, Wong & Schacter (2007)
Intact Procedural Memory
1. Development of motor skills and habits, is a special kind of implicit memory
  1. You might not be able to describe motor skill or habit in words or even recognise it as a memory
2. Learned to read words backwards but forgot he could do so
  1. Corkin (2002)
3. Tetris, improve slowly though don't remember playing it

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People With Hippocampus Damage

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