refers to the health of the heart and blood vessels
CVD - known as disease of the heart or circulatory
systems. It includes hypertension, stroke, coronary heart
disease. Can be debilitating which results in a reduce
functioning of the body and sometimes death.
Main cause for CVD is atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - build up of plaque on the walls of
blood vessels which narrow the pathways of the blood.
The plaque is made up of cholesterol, fatty substances,
calcium and tissue all glued together. Over time the
plaque becomes thicker, narrowing the pathways
further putting strain on the heart to pump more blood
to push it through.
cells transported by the blood die
and organs play up due to the
restraint of oxygen received.
NHPA b/c of its contribution to burden of disease, its
associated costs and the fact that it can be largely
prevented
Many determinant contributing to CVD are modifiable
meaning they can be changed to prevent the disease
CVD is the leading cause of death and disability in all adults
Costs
Direct
Individuals
ambulance
medication
doctor and specialist fees
Community
health promotion programs
medicare, PBS & PHI
Indirect
Individual
changes to living conditions
wheelchair from stroke
hire someone to do work
Community
lost productivity
cost of carers
Welfare payments
Intangible
Individual
pain & suffering
Mental Health
stress about death
lifestyle changes
dietary
social events no longer
Community
lifestyle changes
act as carer
anxiety and stress
death or surgery
Determinants
Biological
Body weight
obesity - strain on the heart and its muscles
Increase risk of hypertension and high levels of cholesterol
Genetic Predisposition
increase risk if family history
High blood pressure
indicator that the heart is already working harder than it should
Increase risk of kidney disease and stroke
High blood cholesterol
Increase risk of plaque building on artery walls
making it hard for blood to push through.
Known as atherosclerosis.
Sex
males higher risk of CVD - excess fat around the abdominal area.
Diabetes
risk factor for CVD
Advancing in Age
Basal Metabolism slows with age meaning
it is harder to burn off fat. As you age your
heart also looses its efficiency
Behavioural
Tobacco Smoking
increase blood pressure and build plaque on artery walls. hard for blood to pump through
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
high amounts of kilojules
If unused ,can lead to becoming overweight >lead to CVD
Insufficient Physical Activity
Not exercising leads to energy being stored as fat.
heart must be trained and maintained to increase efficiency.
Poor Nutrition
diet high in saturated fat increase obesity
Fruit and veggies must be eaten on a daily basis to decrease risk of CVD
Physical Environment
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
exposure increases the risk of CVD and also atherosclerosis
Access to Recreational Facilities
may not exercise enough lead increase obesity and overweight
Transport Systems
non promotional active transport increase the risk of being overweight and obese
Air pollution
Smoke, chemicals and harsh pollutants exposure can increase rates of obesity
Work Environment
do not promote physical activity such
as stairs may increase obesity and
chances of CVD
Noise Pollution
prolonged exposure can increase stress and hypertension
Social
Socioeconomic Status
Low SES moire likely to smoke and be obese > higher rates of CVD.
Unemployment
high stress & reduced SES
Social Exclusion
more likely to smoke and
consume alcohol > higher
rates of CVD
Occupation
Job control. not safe = higher
levels of stress and anxiety
physical jobs decrease CVD
Food Security
processed food = high CVD
Stress
long periods bad. Physical changes increase
the chances of getting high blood pressure
and heart attacks
Early Life Experiences
healthy weight as kids = more likely to have
healthy weight during adulthood. habits
continue
Health Promotion
Shape Up Aus
Go for 2 & 5
Quit Program
Heart Foundation Tick
encourages people to buy these
products for a healthier heart