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The hydrological cycle
- water is essential to life
- Hydrology is the study of origins and fate of the water
- It describes the movement of water in all forms above, in and on the Earths surface.
- Driven by solar power there are inputs, outputs, storage and series of flows.
- Driven by solar power there are inputs, outputs, storage and series of flows.
- Input = precipitation
- Includes all the different ways moisture from the atmosphere can be transferred.
- E.g. rain, snow, hail, sleet and dew.
- generally the greater the intensity the shorter
the duration. Some may cover a small area e.g.
convectional rainfall or some a larger area i.e.
those associated with a warm front.
- E.g. rain, snow, hail, sleet and dew.
- Includes all the different ways moisture from the atmosphere can be transferred.
- Evapotranspiration
- The combination of the physical
process - evaporation and the
biological process - transpiration
- Evaporation affected by
daylight hours, wind
speed, humidity and temp.
- Transpiration affected by type
and amount of vegetation,
length of the growing season,
time of year and available
moisture.
- Evaporation affected by
daylight hours, wind
speed, humidity and temp.
- can be described in two different ways: potential and actual
- Potential evapotranspiration Ep is the amount
of water that could be lost in an area E.g. in
deserts Ep is high as the amount that can be
lost is greater than what is available.
- Actual evapotranspiration Ea = The amount of water available to be lost.
- Potential evapotranspiration Ep is the amount
of water that could be lost in an area E.g. in
deserts Ep is high as the amount that can be
lost is greater than what is available.
- The combination of the physical
process - evaporation and the
biological process - transpiration
- Interception
- rainfall that lands and settles on
trees (before it reaches the ground
it is known as interception storage)
- If it is a short rainfall, it
may never reach the
ground as it may be
evaporated before
- E.g. Woodlands 30% intercepted, helping to limit soil erosion.
- If rainfall persists it may reach the ground via throughfall or stemflow
- undergrowth may creates potential for secondary interception.
- If it is a short rainfall, it
may never reach the
ground as it may be
evaporated before
- rainfall that lands and settles on
trees (before it reaches the ground
it is known as interception storage)
- Surface storage and surface runoff (overland runoff)
- When water can not penetrate the surface below it may
just sit on top e.g. puddles. Eventually it may flow away
over the surface known as surface runoff.
- When water can not penetrate the surface below it may
just sit on top e.g. puddles. Eventually it may flow away
over the surface known as surface runoff.
- Infiltration
- water being taken downwards into the soil.
- Rate depends on: the amount of water already
in the soil and soil structure and porosity, nature
of the surface e.g. ploughed and the type and
amount of vegetation cover.
- water being taken downwards into the soil.
- Throughflow
- The lateral movement of
water within the soil
- The lateral movement of
water within the soil
- Capillary action
- During dry periods, the process by which
water is drawn up to the surface.
- During dry periods, the process by which
water is drawn up to the surface.
- Percolation
- constant vertical movement of water
through unsaturated soil where water fills
the pore spaces between the soil particles.
- Eventually the water may build
to fill all the pore spaces forming
a new zone of saturation, the
upper layer of which forms the
water table.
- Eventually the water may build
to fill all the pore spaces forming
a new zone of saturation, the
upper layer of which forms the
water table.
- constant vertical movement of water
through unsaturated soil where water fills
the pore spaces between the soil particles.
- Groundwater flow/baseflow
- The lateral movement of water below the water table.
- The lateral movement of water below the water table.
- Channel flow
- water that enters the river channel and
then flows out of the drainage basin.
- Inputs include rain that
falls directly in, surface
runoff, throughflow and
baseflow.
- Inputs include rain that
falls directly in, surface
runoff, throughflow and
baseflow.
- water that enters the river channel and
then flows out of the drainage basin.
- The water balance
- Drainage basin equilibrium
- Inputs are equal to outputs.
- P = Q + E + Change in storage
- P = precipitation measured by a rain
gauge Q = runoff measured as river
discharge E = evapotranspiration which
is hard to measure.
- If E > P there may be a soil
moisture deficit E.g. may
occur in Europe in Summer
where there is a mild climate
and hardly any precipitation.
- During Autumn the climate is wetter and
cooler allowing for soil moisture recharge
until the field capacity is reached.
- Winter, P >E there may be a water surplus.
- During Autumn the climate is wetter and
cooler allowing for soil moisture recharge
until the field capacity is reached.
- If E > P there may be a soil
moisture deficit E.g. may
occur in Europe in Summer
where there is a mild climate
and hardly any precipitation.
- P = precipitation measured by a rain
gauge Q = runoff measured as river
discharge E = evapotranspiration which
is hard to measure.
- Inputs are equal to outputs.
- This water budget is usually displayed graphically.
- Drainage basin equilibrium
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