California - Disaster Hotspot

Beschreibung

A-Levels Geography (World at risk) Mindmap am California - Disaster Hotspot, erstellt von Jodie Goodacre am 02/05/2013.
Jodie Goodacre
Mindmap von Jodie Goodacre, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Jodie Goodacre
Erstellt von Jodie Goodacre vor mehr als 11 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

California - Disaster Hotspot
  1. West America
    1. Along the Pacific coastline
      1. Located on the San Andres Fault Line
        1. Conservative plate
          1. 158,706 sq. miles
            1. 350 miles East-West
              1. 780 miles North-South
                1. Bordered by Oregon (North), Nevada (East) and Arizona (South East)
                  1. Sierra Nevada includes the highest peak in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney at 14,505 ft.
                    1. About 45% of the state's total surface area is covered by forests
                      1. Part of the 'Ring of Fire'
                        1. Southeastern California is arid, hot desert with routine extreme high temperatures in the summer
                          1. Earthquakes
                            1. Large and shallow earthquakes
                              1. San Andres fault
                                1. Fairly violent and frequent
                                  1. North American and Pacific plates
                                    1. Moving in the same direction, but at a different speed
                                    2. Lomo Prieta Earthquake
                                      1. 17th October 1989
                                        1. 5:04pm
                                          1. San Francisco
                                            1. Magnitude of 7.1 with an aftershock of 5.2
                                              1. 63 people were killed
                                                1. 13,757 people were injured
                                                  1. 1,018 homes were destroyed
                                                    1. 23,408 homes damaged
                                                      1. 366 businesses destroyed
                                                        1. 3,530 businesses damaged
                                                          1. Damages reached $6billion
                                                            1. Only light traffic at that time as the 1989 world series baseball championship was just starting in the area
                                                              1. The initial media reports failed to take into account the game's effect on traffic and initially estimated the death toll at 300, which was later corrected to 63
                                                                1. Caused airports to close due to cracks
                                                                  1. Railways lost power however no passengers were harmed
                                                                    1. Caused enough damage that some parts of the region's freeway system had to be demolished
                                                                      1. San Francisco Bay Bridge collapsed sending more than 40 slabs of concrete (600 tons each) onto cars below
                                                                        1. The earthquakes shock waves roiled the unstable soil into slush, a process called liquefaction
                                                                        2. The Northridge Earthquake
                                                                          1. 17th January 1994
                                                                            1. 4:31am
                                                                              1. Los Angeles
                                                                                1. Densely populated
                                                                                  1. 6.7 magnitude
                                                                                    1. Thousands of aftershocks during the following weeks of magnitudes between 4.0 and 5.0
                                                                                      1. 57 people killed
                                                                                        1. 1,500 seriously injured
                                                                                          1. 12,500 buildings were damaged
                                                                                            1. 9,000 homes and businesses were without electricity for several days
                                                                                              1. 20,000 people went without gas
                                                                                                1. 48,500 people went without water
                                                                                                  1. Numerous fires were caused by broken gas lines
                                                                                                    1. 11 hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or unstable after the earthquake
                                                                                                      1. Freeways and major roads were shut due to damaged or collapsed roads
                                                                                                        1. Rail service briefly interrupted
                                                                                                          1. Los Angles international airport was shut
                                                                                                            1. California State University was the only major university near the epicenter and many classes had to be moved due to damaged buildings
                                                                                                            2. A 9,2 Earthquake in 1964 led to a devastating tsunami - 6 meter wave killing 11
                                                                                                            3. El Nino
                                                                                                              1. River floods
                                                                                                                1. Instead of coming ashore in the Pacific Northwest as usual, the southern jet stream hits California, carrying moisture and storms.
                                                                                                                  1. Increased rainfall
                                                                                                                    1. Landslides
                                                                                                                      1. Coastal erosion
                                                                                                                        1. Not all big flooding takes place in El Nino years
                                                                                                                          1. E.g. December 1955 and 1964 , January 1882, February 1986
                                                                                                                          2. Not all El Nino years produce widespread flooding
                                                                                                                            1. Increases probability of storms
                                                                                                                              1. Leads to landslides
                                                                                                                                1. Trade winds move eastwards across the pacific
                                                                                                                                  1. February 1998 El Nino caused havoc in the San Francisco Bay region
                                                                                                                                    1. 6ft high water splashed over the city's waterfront
                                                                                                                                    2. Low atmospheric pressure
                                                                                                                                      1. Strong winds
                                                                                                                                      2. La Nina
                                                                                                                                        1. Droughts
                                                                                                                                          1. Wildfires
                                                                                                                                            1. Warm air
                                                                                                                                              1. Dry air
                                                                                                                                                1. Gusty conditions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Exacerbated wildfires throughout the western US on August 24th 2012
                                                                                                                                                    1. Northern California was one of the area's most severely affected
                                                                                                                                                      1. Most wildfires blazed in remote areas, but the Ponderosa fire has destroyed several homes and threatened hundreds of others
                                                                                                                                                        1. By August 24th 2012, The Bagley fire had burned 11,083 acres of land
                                                                                                                                                          1. The Chips fire had burned 63,100 acres of land
                                                                                                                                                            1. The Fort Complex fire had burned 6,683 acres of land
                                                                                                                                                              1. The Ponderosa fire had burned 28,089 acres of land
                                                                                                                                                              2. At least 1,500 homes were destroyed overal
                                                                                                                                                                1. 9 people died as a result of wildfires in 2007
                                                                                                                                                                  1. 85 were injured in wildfires including 61 firefighters in 2007
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Over 6,000 firefighters worked to fight the blaze in 2007
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Landslides
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glendora
                                                                                                                                                                        1. 1 Million cubic meters of rock and mud slid down a hillside
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Destroyed 200 homes
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Killing dozens of people
                                                                                                                                                                            2. La Conchita
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Prone to mudslides
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sits beneath a geologically unstable formation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. March 4th 1995
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Buried or damaged 7 homes
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. No one was injured
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. January 10th 2005
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. 12:30pm
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Buried four blocks of the town in over 30ft of earth
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ten people were killed
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 14 were injured
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. 15 homes were destroyed and 16 were uninhabitable
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fog famously blankets San Francisco in the Summer when hot inland temperatures create a low-pressure zone over Northern California
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. The coping capacity is high
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wealthy with per capita incomes of over US$65,000
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Its economy is the world's 6th largest - bigger than France and Italy
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Population was estimated at 38 million in 2012
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seismic building codes apply to all existing buildings with at least one masonry bearing wall that is not reinforced
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. After a severe earthquake in 1971, significant enhancements to the building codes pertaining to earthquakes were made.
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