The Immune Sysyem

Innate (non-specific) Immunity
1. Physical Barriers: This is a non-specific immune defense keeps infections out of the body ex: Skin, Mucous membranes, and Hair
2. Inflammation: After the infections has bypassed physical barriers, tissue injury, the mast cells found in the tissue release histamines which dilate capillaries to allow more blood flow so that macrophages and neutrophils may put and end to the infection. The blood rush to the tissue rupture infection site causes inflammation.
3. Interferon: This defense interferes with viral replication. They are proteins known as cytokines that are released by host cells in response to viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc that inhibit the antigens ability to replicate by protecting cells by using enzymes to break down viral mRNA.
4. Complement System: This is when a group of plasma proteins, antibodies and phagocytic cells, form a membrane attack on damaged/bacterial cells in an organism by making a pore that induces cell death that promotes inflammation to help fight infections.
5. Natural Killer Cells: Natural Killer Cells are lymphocytes that attack virus-infected cells along with tumor cells by injected granules of perforin that create a pore that kills the cell.
Adaptive (specific) Immunity
1. Humoral Immunity
  1. Humoral Immunity uses macromolecules found in body fluids; involves antibodies.
  2. B-Lymphocytes: B-Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are used in the Humoral immunity system that secrete antibodies
    1. Plasma Cells: The B-Lymphocytes convert to plasma cells after exposure to antigen then produce one kind of antibody to defend against infection.
    2. Memory Cells: After coming in contact with the antigen and making an antibody the memory cell will keep the information so in the next exposure they will be able to produce the correct antibodies to defend against infection.
2. Cell-Mediated Immunity
  1. Cell-Mediated Immunity does not involve antibodies but uses phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
    1. CD8: Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes or Killer T-Cells that help kill virus infected cells by secreting chemicals.
    2. CD4: These cells, also known as T-Help Cells are a type of white blood cells that send signals to warn immune system of foreign invaders. It stimulates B-cell growth, cytotoxic cell activity, and activates macrophages.
Disorders
1. Allergic Responses: Allergic responses is a disorder when the immune system reacts abnormally to a harmless foreign substance and has symptoms ex:coughing.
2. Auto-immune diseases: Auto immune disease is a disorder when the immune system attacks healthy cells ,ex: lupus, auto immune disease can be congenital, ex: congenital heart disease.
3. Immunodeficiency disease: Immunodeficiency disease is either congenital or acquired. This disorder prevents your body from fighting infections and diseases making it easier to catch viral and bacteria infections.
4. Stress: Stress can be a disorder than can impact the immune system as it produces cortisol. Cortisol suppresses inflammation during a response to stress. Low or High Cortisol levels can lead to autoimmune diseases and allergies.
Immunity
1. Active Immunity: Active immunity is produced by interaction with the pathogen or antigen. The immunity is not immediate but needs time to foster an immunity that lasts throughout the organism lifetime. In response to the pathogen or antigen antibodies are produced and the side effects of active immunity are incredibly rare.
2. Passive Immunity: Antibodies that are artificially produced and directly injected inside the organism with no interaction with the pathogen or antigen. The immunity develops immediately. The immunity is not life long.

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The Immune Sysyem

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