Handel

Handel

Baroque
1. Period of music - c.1600 - 1750
2. Important composers of the period: Bach, Handel, Purcell and Vivaldi
3. Key features of baroque music
  1. Simple, mainly diatonic harmonies
  2. Movements that keep the SAME MOOD throughout
  3. Changes in volume are SUDDEN rather than gradual
  4. Ornamentation
  5. Orchestras made up largely of STRING instruments
  6. Use of CONTINUO
'And the Glory of the Lord'
1. Comes from the oratorio 'Messiah' (it is the first chorus in the oratorio)
2. Composed in 1741 in London
Performing Forces
1. The choir is made up of SOPRANOS, ALTOS, TENORS and BASSES
2. They are accompanied by STRINGS and CONTINUO (for cello and harpsichord or organ)
3. The orchestra often doubles the vocal lines
Structure
1. The work starts with an orchestral introduction called a RITORNELLO
2. Shortened versions of this music return later in the work
3. There is no set form to the movement - it is based on different combinations of the four motifs
Melody
1. The movement is based on four different motifs
  1. MOTIF 1 - First sung by the altos, starts in bar 11, clearly outlines the key of A major
  2. MOTIF 2 - First sung by the tenors, starts in bar 17. The motif uses a DESCENDING SEQUENCE and MELISMA
  3. MOTIF 3 - First sung by the altos, starts in bar 43.
  4. MOTIF 4 - First sung by tenors and basses, starts in bar 51. Most of it stays on the same pitch and uses longer notes
2. These four motifs are heard in different parts and combined in different ways throughout the movement
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
1. The time signature is 3/4 - this is a dance-like metre
2. Tempo - ALLEGRO (fast)
3. There are a number of HEMIOLAS in the piece
4. The 3 bars at the end of the piece are ADAGIO (slower tempo)
Tonality and Harmony
1. A major
2. It modulates to two related keys: the dominant (Emajor) and the supertonic (Bmajor)
3. The work ends with a PLAGAL CADENCE in A major
4. The harmony is DIATONIC
Texture
1. Most of the piece alternates between HOMOPHONIC and CONTRAPUNTAL
2. Short MONOPHONIC phrase in bars 108-9
3. Frequent use of IMITATION
4. The number of parts varies throughout the piece
Word Setting
1. Mixture of SYLLABIC and MELISMATIC
2. Different phrases of text are repeated many times - this makes the words clear

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