729049
International Development
- THEORIES
- CIVIL SOCIETY
- Habermas
- civil society enables inclusive
debate
- civil society enables inclusive
debate
- Hegel
- links state and market through civil
society (innovation: previously civil
society seen as arm of nation-state)
- links state and market through civil
society (innovation: previously civil
society seen as arm of nation-state)
- Tocqueville
- civil society is the
“grassroot” equivalent
of national/local
political and public life
- civil society is the
“grassroot” equivalent
of national/local
political and public life
- Marx
- civil society is the “grassroot” equivalent of
capitalist market structures – has same
effect on lower classes
- civil society is the “grassroot” equivalent of
capitalist market structures – has same
effect on lower classes
- Habermas
- STATE
- Locke
- state is result of
voluntary social
contract
- state is result of
voluntary social
contract
- Hobbes
- strong central state is only way
to have a social contract
- strong central state is only way
to have a social contract
- Weber
- state should have checks and
balances between different
arms of government -
bureaucracy
- Legal-Rational Tradition: leadership in
which the authority of an organization or a
ruling regime is largely tied to legal
rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy
- Legal-Rational Tradition: leadership in
which the authority of an organization or a
ruling regime is largely tied to legal
rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy
- state should have checks and
balances between different
arms of government -
bureaucracy
- Gramsci
- Cultural hegemony is “self-oppression”
- Cultural hegemony is “self-oppression”
- Locke
- MARKET
- Polayni
- state needs to mitigate effects of market
and the two should work together
- state needs to mitigate effects of market
and the two should work together
- Nozick
- Under what circumstances can we
interfere in markets? Might individuals
voluntarily enslave themselves if markets
are not controlled?
- Under what circumstances can we
interfere in markets? Might individuals
voluntarily enslave themselves if markets
are not controlled?
- FAILURE
- Coordination failure: organisation
cannot coordinate their choices
effectively
- Big Push model: accelerating economic development across
‘a broad spectrum of new industries and skills’ usually using
public policy
- Rosenstein-Rodan
- aims for there to get a slightly
greater incentive to invest
- Rosenstein-Rodan
- Glavan
- leads to a dependency of different agents
on one another, may prohibit the speed of
development
- leads to a dependency of different agents
on one another, may prohibit the speed of
development
- Howett
- market depend very heavily on their
expectations of other organisations acting to
take advantages
- market depend very heavily on their
expectations of other organisations acting to
take advantages
- Big Push model: accelerating economic development across
‘a broad spectrum of new industries and skills’ usually using
public policy
- Coordination failure: organisation
cannot coordinate their choices
effectively
- GROWTH
- Rostow’s growth-stages model
- Lewis 2-sector model
- Rostow’s growth-stages model
- Polayni
- INSTITUTIONS
- North
- institutions as norms
- institutions as norms
- Khan
- transition costs in
addition to transaction
costs as determinants of
institutional change and
its timing
- transition costs in
addition to transaction
costs as determinants of
institutional change and
its timing
- North
- CIVIL SOCIETY
- CLASSICAL
- List
- late development may
not be the same as early
development.
- late development may
not be the same as early
development.
- Smith
- supply, demand, prices, and competition left free of government regulation +
material self-interest = maximize wealth of a society through profit-driven
production of goods and services
- supply, demand, prices, and competition left free of government regulation +
material self-interest = maximize wealth of a society through profit-driven
production of goods and services
- Marx
- concern over alienation of individual from
work, society, economy, government
- concern over alienation of individual from
work, society, economy, government
- Keynes
- government intervention to
correct for market failure
- government intervention to
correct for market failure
- List
- MODERN
- Prebisch
- Dependency theory –
periphery dependent on
core
- Dependency theory –
periphery dependent on
core
- Williamson
- Washington Consensus - Developing countries must apply
particular adjustments to their economies to be able to grow
sustainably
- Washington Consensus - Developing countries must apply
particular adjustments to their economies to be able to grow
sustainably
- Prebisch
- GLOBALISATION
- CAPITALISM
- Brenner
- Britain was first to
develop because it was
first with capitalist
agriculture
- Britain was first to
develop because it was
first with capitalist
agriculture
- Landes
- Britain was first to develop because culture was conducive
to what would become the norm in future successful
economies
- Britain was first to develop because culture was conducive
to what would become the norm in future successful
economies
- Brenner
- WEST
- Phillips
- colonial (European-run) state structures not
strong enough to develop colonies sustainably –
not enough influence or interest
- colonial (European-run) state structures not
strong enough to develop colonies sustainably –
not enough influence or interest
- Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson
- colonial origins of comparative development:
settler mortality determined institutions, which
determines modern standards of living
- colonial origins of comparative development:
settler mortality determined institutions, which
determines modern standards of living
- Phillips
- a process in which
national economies
increasingly integrate into
international markets
- triad group; anarchic
international systems;
democratic governance;
world order; Westphalian
sovereignty
- Griswold
- Griswold
- triad group; anarchic
international systems;
democratic governance;
world order; Westphalian
sovereignty
- CAPITALISM
- DEVELOPMENT
- DEMOCRACY
- Dahl
- effective participation; equality in voting;
enlightened understanding; control of the
agenda; and inclusion of adults
- effective participation; equality in voting;
enlightened understanding; control of the
agenda; and inclusion of adults
- Little
- “a set of collective
decision-making institutions
through which individuals assert
themselves in the public sphere”
- authoritarian states are
much more effective at
implementing a
‘developmental’ state
- authoritarian states are
much more effective at
implementing a
‘developmental’ state
- “a set of collective
decision-making institutions
through which individuals assert
themselves in the public sphere”
- Fukuyama
- Western liberal democracy will come to be the universal
system of government
- Western liberal democracy will come to be the universal
system of government
- North
- authoritarian settings are much more likely to lead to
the authoritarian leader changing property rights for their
own benefit
- authoritarian settings are much more likely to lead to
the authoritarian leader changing property rights for their
own benefit
- Olsen
- authoritarian states can never
establish credible property rights
due to a lack of checks and balances
- authoritarian states can never
establish credible property rights
due to a lack of checks and balances
- Dahl
- Forsyth
- “the production of social change that creates conditions
where more and more people can achieve their human
potential”
- “the production of social change that creates conditions
where more and more people can achieve their human
potential”
- POVERTY
- Sen
- “there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy”
- greater importance on economic needs than political values in authoritarian states
- “there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy”
- Varshney
- authoritarian regimes can combat poverty very well and very poorly
- democratic governments are unable to alleviate
poverty because of pressures of achieving
short-term results
- authoritarian regimes can combat poverty very well and very poorly
- Sen
- THEORY
- Modernisation theory
- false-paradigm model
- developing countries have failed in their
development schemes because those
schemes are based on unfitting
development models
- developing countries have failed in their
development schemes because those
schemes are based on unfitting
development models
- false-paradigm model
- Neo-colonial dependence model
- underdevelopment exists in developing
countries because of exploitation from
former colonial rulers
- underdevelopment exists in developing
countries because of exploitation from
former colonial rulers
- market-friendly approach
- successful development policy
requires governments to create
an open market environment and
only to intervene if the market is
failing
- successful development policy
requires governments to create
an open market environment and
only to intervene if the market is
failing
- Modernisation theory
- DEMOCRACY
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