Geography:Landscapesof the UK (general)

Knowing the UK
1. UK=Scotland, England, Wales, Northen Ireland
  1. Geology effects the landscape because it means rock errodes at different rates
    1. Soil effects the landscape because if it is good soil there will be lots of farming
      1. British Isles= Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, Northen ireland
2. GB= Scotland, England, Wales
Rock types
1. Metamorphic rock
  1. 1. Form when sedimentary or igneous rocks go under great heat or pressure below the earths surface causing them to change
    1. 2.They type depends on what it was formed from.
2. Sedimentary rock
  1. 2.They are mostly formed underwater
    1. 1.They form when rock particles are worn off by other rocks or the skelrton of other creatures
  2. 3.The wearing away of these rocks are called weathering
  3. 4.The particles are carries away by wind or water. Eventually they settle out to form layers called strata.
3. Igneous rock
  1. 1. It is formed from magma either underground (intrusive) or erupted from from a volcano to the earths surface (extrusive)
    1. 2.When it cools below earth it cools slowly to form large crystals
      1. 3.When it cools on the surface it does it very quick to form tiny crystals
UK landscapes
1. Upland (Bodmin moor)
  1. It is quite cold and very windy
    1. Can have dramatic peaks and ridges with weathered rocks or moorlands with heather
      1. Granite is igneous extrusive rock
    2. It is in the center of cornwall.
    3. It is used for tourism and to graze sheep
      1. It is 25km (diameter) exposure of granite in the middle of Cornwall
        It has tors
2. Low land (Yorkshire Wolds)
  1. They are usally flatter than the otehr landscapes in the UK they are often found in centeral/ southern england
  2. It is in north yorkshire, west of Scarbrough and Bridlington
  3. Used for farming
    1. It is the warmest
  4. It is very rural and exposed which means it is windy
    1. Made of chalk
      1. Means the land is rich which means it is farmable
3. Glaciated (Nant Francon)
  1. In the north of wales in Snowdonia
  2. It has 'U' shaped vallies
  3. Used for sheep grazing and tourism (walking)
    1. It is made of Limestone
    2. It is very cold which means freeze thaw happens
Human Activity
1. Street lighting: It improves saftey, reduces crime but cause light pollution
  1. Traffic infrastructure: moterways ,dual carriageways- create noise and are barries for wildlife
    1. Pedestrianisation: reduces accidents and improves the area, could increase trees
2. Construction activity and high rise development, golf courses
3. Solar farms: may result in loss of wildlife, change nature of surface drainiage
Erosion
1. Attrition: This is the process of rocks hitting each other and breaking into smaller rocks
  1. Hydraulic action:This is the forces of the water hitting the banks and beds
    1. Corasion / chemical erosion: a change in the waters ph causing bits to break away
      1. Abrasion:This is the force of bits of rock in the water blasting into the channel (sandpaper)
Transportation
1. Solution: Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in a 'solution'
  1. Suspension: Fine material is carried in the river, this makes water look murky
    1. Saltation: Small pebbles and stones bounce along the river bed
      1. Traction: Bed-load (big boulders) are slowly rolled along the river bed
Weathering
1. There are 3 types: Physical, Biological, Chemical
2. Biological weathering:Acid from animal waste can contribute but mainly seeds in soil growing cause a crack in a rock and eventually push throught the rock
  1. Freeze-thaw weathering: (Physical)It rains and the water gets into a crack. it freezes, this cause more cracks. When it melts again the water gets into those cracks and cause new cracks. Thsi happens a lot then the rock breaks.
3. Exfoliation (Onion-Skin):A rock is heated up by the sun, it expands. At night it cools and shrinks.It repeates untill the rock has layers and flakes off
4. Chemical: Can be slow or fast. In slow the acid rain (only an example) is not that strong so takes longer, in rapid it is stronger
Mass movement
1. It is the movement of rock material downslope due to gravity
  1. Mudflow: On steep slopes, after a long peripd of heavy rainfall soil becomes saturated so mud and weak rock flows quickly downslope
    1. Rock fall: Blocks of rocks slide down hill due to a lot of weathering. Spontaneous sliding of many large rocks could caused by extream chemical weathering
      1. Slumping (rotational slip): Wjen permeable rock (like sandstone) lies over impermeable rock (like granite). The permeable rock may become saturated (due to heavy precipitation). The rock then falls down a curved slope and turns as it falls.
        Land slide: Rocks which have joints and cracks in line up with the slope which they lie on fall downwards in big groups together.

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