Learning

Learning is any change in behaviour or knowledge due to experience
1. Conditioning involves learning connections between events that occur in the environment
Classical Conditioning- a stimulus acquires the capacity to cause a response originally evoked by another stimulus
1. Unconditioned Stimulus- evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
  1. Unconditioned Response- unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning
  2. Conditioned Stimulus- neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to cause a conditioned reponse
    1. Conditioned Response- learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
2. Evaluative conditioning- changes in the liking of a stimulus that results from pairing a stimulus with positive or negative stimuli
3. Basic processes include: acquisition, (initial learning), extinction (weakening of response), and spontaneous recovery
4. Higher-order conditioning- a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning- responses come to be controlled by their consequences
1. Law of Effect- if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between them is strengthened
  1. Reinforcement- a response is strengthened because it leads to a rewarding consequence
2. Primary Reinforcers- reinforcing events because they satisfy biological needs
  1. Secondary reinforcers- events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
3. Basic processes include: shaping (reinforcement of closer approximations of a desired response), extinction (weakening of response), discrimination stimuli (clues that influence behaviour)
4. Schedules of reinforcement
  1. Fixed-ratio- reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced reactions
    1. Variable-Ratio- reinforcer given after a variable numb of nonreinforced responses
      1. Variable-interval- reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
    2. Fixed-interval- reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
    3. Positive reinforcement- a response is strengthened because of a rewarding stimulus
    4. Negative reinforcement- a response is strengthened because it followed the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
  2. Continuous reinforcement, and intermittent reinforcement
Observational Learning- organism's response is influenced by others
1. Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
  1. Mirror neurons- activated by performing an action or seeing another person perform the same action

Nächster

Learning

Beschreibung

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Medienanhänge

ähnlicher Inhalt

	Erstellt von Kristen Thorpe vor fast 8 Jahre