Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Canada Physical Geography
- Earths
beginings
- Creation
theory
- The idea that
earth was
created by a
high power.
- Evolution
theory
- The idea
that the
universe
started
with a "Big
bang"
- The universe formed
15-20 billion years ago
following an
enormous explosion
- Dust and gas were created and
drawn together by a Gravitational
attraction
- Shows how dust and gas were drawn in by
a gravitational attraction
- Earths
movement
- Earths
Orbit
- Almost
circular, not
elliptical
- If it was elliptical then
earths summers
would be too hot and
water would boil
away. Winters would
also be too cold
therefore the ocean
would freeze
- This diagram shows
the way the earth
orbits and the
motion that it
orbits in
- Takes 365.25
years to orbit
around
- Moon has
an effect
on earths
tides.
- Earths axis
and tilt
- Earths axis is tilted 23.5
degrees from the plane
of its orbit around the
sun
- This diagram
shows earths
axis and the
degree of its tilt
- Plate Tectonics
- Theory of Continental
Drift
- Alred Wegner created this theory
- Continents
look like a
puzzle
- Shows how the
continents have dried
over time, and how
they come together like
a puzzle
- Same mountain
ranges four d
on different
continents
- Records of climate are of
cold in warm places such
as Cuba and warm in cold
places such as the Arctic
- The theory that land was
once 1 unified mass termed
Pangea and that it started
to break apart 200 million
years ago
- Plate
boundaries
- Folding
- When soft layers of
rock experience heat
and pressure from
the mantle forcing it
upwards
- This picture shows how folding works,
and how the rocks experience
pressure
- Faulting
- When hard
rock is forced
upward with
heat and
pressure from
the mantle
- Faulting types
- Strike slip=When 2 plates
slide past each other which
causes a earthquake
(California)
- 2 plates sliding
past each other
- Extension fault=2
plates pulling away
which results in a rift
valley
- 2 plates pushing
away from all
directions
- Collision fault=when
2 plates smash
together causing a
mountain
- Shows 2 plates
smashing
together
- Subduction=When 1 continental
plate and 1 ocean plate pass each
other
- Shows 1 continental plate
and 1 ocean plate colliding
- Geologic
time
- An end of an
era and when
genetics are
changed
- ERAS
- Mesozoic
- Began in
250
ended
in 60
- Shallow
seas that
covered
North
America
- Reptiles
dominated
and dinosaurs
began
- Most gas and oil
deposits formed
- Paleozoic
- Began in 570
ended in 250
- 1st reptiles
shoed up
which were
abundant fish
- The collision of North America
and Europe was the formation of
the Appalachian Mountains
- Precambrian
- Began in 4600 ended in 570
- Mountain building and erosion
- Only part of
Canada that
existed at this
time was
Canadian Shield
- Cenozoic
- Began in 60 and
ended in 0
- Ice age ends and
human beings
emerge and
develop
- Rocky mountains form
- Continents move to present positions
- Bio-Anthropocentirc
- How humans live now , and
how they are dependant on
machinery
- We use cars rather than
walking, and we go to the
grocery store rather than
hunting for our food
- Glaciation
- The
last ice
age
was 10
000
years
ago
- An ice age is
like an reset
button
- The
earths
crust
- Crust
- The
upper
most
layer
like
an
eggshell
- Makes up 0.1%
of earths total
volume
- Solid
- Lithosphere
- Made
up of
rocks
and
minerals
- Includes the
surface,
crust and
just below
the earths
crust
- Solid
- Asthenosphere
- Plastic
layer
of
the
the
upper
mantle
- The molten rock that
comes out of
volcanoes comes
from here
- Mantle
- 80% of
earths
volume
- 2 parts
made of
Iron, Silica
and
Magnesium
- Upper
mantle is
liquid while
the lower is
solid
- Core
- Center
of the
earth
- 2
parts
- Outer
core:
Liquid
iron
and
molten
magma
- Inner
core: Solid
iron, and
nickle
- A detailed image of the earths
crust and the different parts of it
- Landform
regions
- A
specific
area
that
is
made
up
of
the
same
major
landforms
- 6 that
make up
Canada
- Arctic
and
Hudson
Bay
Lowlands
- Located
above
the
Canadian
Shield
- Very cold
and
reaches
a low of
-60
degrees
Celsius
- A picture of what Arctic
and Hudson Bay Lowlands
looks like today
- There are
Caribou, Polar
bears, Arctic fox
etc.
- Inuit people
have lived there
for 1000's of
years
- Canadian
Shield
- Surrounds
Hudson's
Bay
- Bogs
as a
result
of the
ice
age
- A picture of what the Canadian shied
lookalike today
- Makes
up 10%
of
Canadas
total
forests
- The
largest
of
Canadas
regions
- Beavers,
birds,
fish etc.
- Many
people
live on
the
Southern
side
- Igneous and
Metamorphic
rock
- Great
Lakes
and St.
Lawrence
Lowlands
- North
and
South
shores
of
Canadas
Great
Lakes
- Primarily
a result
of
glaciation
- An image of what the St.Lawrence
Lowlands look like today
- Greenland
sharks
and other
regular
animals
such as
birds,
bears etc.
- Most
populated
region
(we live
here)
- Appalachian
Region
- Located
in the
Maritime
provinces
- Jagged
mountains
have been
reduced to
rolling hills
- Huge
boulders
and
some of
the
highest
tides on
earth
- Fish,
seabirds,
grey
seals etc.
- This image shows the high
mountains and the rolling hills
- Small
towns
- Interior
Plane
- East of
the
Western
Cordillera
- Man
-made
lakes
- Praries
and
farms
that are
great
for
farming
- This image shows a farm that is great
for agriculture
- Half
of
North
Americas
ducks
live
here
- Farms
dominate
- Western
Cordillera
- The
western
part of
Canada
in
between
Interior
Plane
and
Pacific
Ocean
- This image shows a
river in the Western
Cordillera
- Lots
of
rain
and
rivers
- Valleys
and
glaciers in
mountains
- Mountain
lions
and
Elk
- Climate
and
soil
is
ideal
for
agriculture
and
fishing
is
a
huge
industry
- Lava
and
Magma
- Magma
- Found
in
rocks
and is
very
thin
- Comes
from
core
and
solidifies
quickly
- Very
hot
- Lava
- Found
at
the
surface
and
is
very
thick
- Friction
and
pressure
makes
it
- Solidifies
slowly
unless
under
water
- Not
as
hot
- Similarities
- Plate
tectonic
fault
lines
- Land
Building
and
both are
very hot
- This image shows the magma and lava
part of a volcano, and what it looks
like
- Molten,
minerals
and
liquid
rock
found
in
both
- Volcanoes
- 2
types
- Intrusive
Structures
- Cracks
and
crevasses
under
the
ground
that is
filled
with
magma
- 2 plates
rub
together
which
causes
friction
- Extrusive
(typical
volcanoe)
- Happens
when
magma is
eventually
forced to
the
surface
from the
same
process
- This image shows the rock
formation of an Extrusive and
Intrusive Volcano
- If magma
solidifies before it
reaches the
surface then it
will form a
volcanic plug
- Pyroclastic
flow
- Fast moving current of
superheated gas and
rock
- This diagram shows
what pyroclastic
flow looks like
- Moves up to
700km/h and
can be 1000
degrees
Celsius
- Normally hugs
the ground. ex:
Pompeii and
Mount St. Helens
- Erosion
by
Water
- Wave Erosion
- Sandy beach=old, Rocky
beach=young
- This is a rocky beach
therefore it is young
- River Erosion
- Erodes sediment
and transport away
- This shows river
erosion and sediments
being carried away
- Ice Erosion
- Freezing and
thawing=crackled ice
- Crackled ice and
freezing
- Canada's
Climate
Systems
- LOWERNH
- Latitude
- The distance
from the
equater
- Places near the
poles will have a
colder climate
because the suns
energy is more
spread out
- Ocean Currents
- The temperature of the water
effects the air passing through
it
- Coastal areas will have a
warmer than usual ocean
climate because ocean
currents are warming it
- This diagram shows
ocean currents
along Canada
- Wind
- Air formed over
oceans will be
wet/most=rain,
while air over land
will be dry=no rain
- Westerlies,
bring
warm air
- The shows how wind can
move, and carry things with
it
- Elevation
- Less
pressure=air
expands and
cools down
- When reaches
dew point,
causes
condensation
which causes
rain
- This diagram shows how
when you reach the dew
point, water vapour
condenses , causing rain
- Relief
- Air passes over
mountain, it expands,
cools, and rains
- This shows how the air moves
over mountains
- Near Water
- Air directly over
water=warm and moist.
- As it moves away
these characteristics
dissipate
- This shows how the air
over water is moist
- Humans
- Humans actions have been
proven to negatively affect
weather patterns
- This shows greenhouse
gases polluting the air
- Amount of greenhouse gases
released is a negative impact
- Weather
and
Climate
- Weather
- Temperature, precipitation,
cloud cover, and wind at
current times of observation
- For example: it is rainy outside
- Climate
- Weather conditions of a
place on average, over a
long period of time
- Average temp of
Aurora=hot summers,
cold winters
- This shows hot summers and
cold winters on average
- Rocks
- The
Rock
Cycle
- This is the cycle of processes
undergone by rocks in the
earths crust
- Rock
types
- Magma
- Magma lives under
the curst, and is lava
before it has cooled
- This shows magma
flowing
- Igneous
- Formed through the cooling of
magma, examples include,
Pumice, and Granite
- This is an example of
pumice
- Sediments
- Caused through erosion and
weathering of Igneous rock
- These are
sediments
- Sedimentary
rock
- Formed through the
compression of sediments
and common examples are
Limestone.
- This is a
limestone rock
- Metamorphic
- Caused through heat and
pressure of Sedimentary
rock, and some examples
include Gneiss and Shale
- This is a
Gneiss rock
- Precipitation
- As air rises, its
ability to hold
water decreases
- 3
Types
- Convectional
- Friction between air
creates static electricity
that can cause thunder
and lightning
- The process of
Convectional
Precipitation
- Orographic
(relief)
- Air is forced to a dew point because the
surface elevation has changed( happens
in coastal mountainous regions)
- This shows the process of
Orographic Precipitation
- Frontal
- When 2 air masses with
different characteristics meet
- This is the process of Frontal
Preciipitation
- Soil
- 4
main
parts
- Minerals
- Full of nutrients for
plants
- These are minerals found
in soil
- Air
- Necessary for plants
root health
- This is how air travels through soil
- Moisture
- Water helps to
dissolve nutrients in
the soil
- This is what moist soil
looks like
- Bacteria
- Dead animals and
plants are broken down
by bacteria
- This is what bacteria
looks like in soil
- Soil
Formation
- Soil profile
- Cross section of soil
showing layers beneath
surface
- Top
:Organic
litter
- Next:Top soil, rich
organic material
- Next: Subsoil,
combined minerals and
organic materials
- Bottom: Mineral
material from
which sediment is
made
- This shows the different
layers if the soil and the
order they go in
- Penology:
the study
of soil
- Loam
- Mix of sand,
silt, clay and
humus
- This is a picture of
what loam looks
like
- Leaching
- Downward
movement of
water through soil
- Shows the downward
movement of soil
- Calcification
- Upward
movement
of water in
soil
- Shows the upward
movement of the
water
- National
Parks
- Banff
- Western
Cordillera,
and it a
mountainous
region
- Bears and
moose, and
hiking,
climbing, and
biking are
available
- This is a picture of Banff and
you can see that it is a very
mountainous area
- Ellesmere
Island
- Intuition region,
and is a cold
desert with
clear air
- Hiking
- You can see that it is a
clear desert with cold air
- Point
Pellee
- Great Lakes St.Lawrence
Lowlands, and it includes lakes,
marches, and lots of birds
- Fishing and skating
are offered
- You can see that there is a great
lake that is ideal for fishing
- Pukaskwa
- Canadian Shield,
and has very
cold winters and
very wild
animals
- You can see that canoeing is
ideal in Pukaskwa due to the
usually calm water
- Canoeing,
hiking, and
paddling are
offered
- Riding
Mountain
- Interior plane ,
and it is an
escarpment
with thick,
fertile soil, and
wildlife includes
Elk and Bufflao
- Theres are buffalos in the
Riding mountain national
park
- Horseback
riding is very
popular
- Cape
Breton
- Appalachians,
and it has
mountains right
down to the sea
with forests
- Boating is common
and animals such
as moose, and
coyote
- Vegitation
- Coniferous
Tree
- Generally keep
their needles all
year, and are also
known as soft
wood trees
- Cedar,
pine, and
spruce
trees are
examples
- Deciduous
Tree
- Prefers warm climates, and it
loses its leaves in the winter
(also known as hardwood)
- Examples
include
Maple or
Birch tress
- Additional
Regions
of Canada
- Climate
- Climate regions include:
Arctic, Taiga, Cordilleran,
Pacific Maritime, Boreal,
Prairie, Southeaster, and
Atlantic Maritime,.
- This map shows
where the regions
are split up
- Soil
- Soil regions include: Tundra,
Wet-climate, Dry-climate, and
Complex of Mountain areas
- This map shows the
Separation of the regions
- Natural
Vegetation
- Natural Vegetation regions
include: Tundra, West coast forest,
Cordilleran, Boreal and Taiga,
Grassland, Mixed, and Deciduous
- This map shows the
separation of the regions
- Classification
of clouds
- Cirrus
- Cirrocumulus
- Cirrostratus
- Altitude
- Cumulonimbus
- Altostratus
- Altocumulus
- Stratocumulus
- Cumulus
- Nimbostratus
- Stratus
- Climate
Graphs
- A chart that shows the
average weather for a
certain period of time
in a certain location.
- Precipitation
is usually
shown in a
bar graph and
the
temperature
is usually
shown in a
line graph