I Always Feel Tired

Vegetarian diet
1. (+)ve
  1. Low blood pressure
  2. It can benefit the environment
  3. Lower risk of death
  4. Less likely to be overweight
  5. Lower risk of diabetes
2. (-)ve
  1. short on protein, B12, calcium, vitamin D, and
  2. Lower bone mineral density
  3. Increased risk of colorectal cancer
Bone Marrow Histology
1. Myeloid/ erythroid ratio is 3:1
2. In case of anemia, there is erythroid hyperplasia
3. Bone marrow has 50% hematopoetic cells and 50% fat cells
4. Blast cells are 3-5 times the size of the mature cells
Hemoglobin
1. Structure
  1. heme
  2. globin
  3. Hemoglobin A (Hb A)
2. function
  1. Its main function is to transport O2 to tissues
  2. carbon dioxide carrier
  3. Buffering action
3. types
  1. Hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2 )
  2. Hemoglobin F
  3. Embryonic Hb
    1. Gower 1 z2e2
    2. Portland z2g2
    3. Gower II a2e2
4. abnormalties
  1. Hemoglobin C
  2. Hemoglobin s
  3. Hb A1C (diabetes Hb )
5. Normal hemoglobin levels
  1. Men
    1. 13.5-16.5
  2. women
    1. 12.5–15.0
Erythropoiesis
Anemias
1. Microcytic
  1. Iron deficiency
    1. C/P
      1. General features of anemia
      2. Epithelial atrophy
      3. Koilonichia
      4. glossitis
    2. Risk factors
      1. Women.
      2. Infants and children
      3. Vegetarians
      4. Frequent blood donors
    3. Diagnosis
    4. Complications
      1. Tachycardia
      2. cardiomegaly
      3. Problems during pregnancy
      4. Growth problems
    5. Treatment
      1. Oral iron supplements
        ferrous sulfate
        ferrous fumarate
        ferrous gluconate
        polysaccharide– iron complex
      2. parenteral iron supplements
        cause of use
        inflammatory bowel disease
        small-bowel resection
        Gastrectomy
    6. tests
      1. Serum iron test
      2. Transferrin test
      3. Iron saturation test
      4. Ferritin test
      5. Red cell folate test
      6. Serum vitamin B12 test
  2. Anaemia of chronic disease
  3. Sideroblastic anaemia
  4. Thalassaemia
2. Normocytic
  1. Many haemolytic anaemias
    1. Intracorpuscular defects
      1. Hemoglobinopathies
      2. Thalassemias
        α-Thalassemia
        Normal
        Silent carrier
        Mino
        Hb H disease
        Hb Barts hydrops fetalis
        β-Thalassemia
      3. Defects in the red cell membrane
      4. Enzyme defects
        g6pd
        Hemoglobinuria
        Hemoglobinemia
        Anemia
      5. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
    2. Extracorpuscular defects
      1. Immune hemolytic anemia
      2. Infections
      3. Chemicals and toxins
      4. Physical agents
  2. Anaemia of chronic disease
  3. After acute blood loss
  4. Renal disease
  5. BM failure
    1. chemotherapy
    2. infiltration by CA
3. Macrocytic
  1. Megaloblastic
    1. Vitamin B12
      1. Decreased intake (vegan)
      2. Impaired absorption
        Intrinsic factor deficiency
        Malabsorption diseases
        Diffuse intestinal disease
        Competitive parasitic uptake
      3. c/p
        Macrocytic anemia
        Prenicious anemia
        Pancytopenia
    2. Folate deficiency
      1. causes
        dec. intake
        malabsorption
        incr. utilisation
        pregnacy
        lactation
      2. C/P
        Same without neurological
  2. Non-megaloblastic
    1. alcohol
    2. liver disease
    3. aplastic anaemia

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I Always Feel Tired

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	Erstellt von Phatema Al-shaikh vor mehr als 7 Jahre