Pearson BTEC Level 3 Health and Social Care - Human Lifespan Development: Factors affecting human growth and development

The nature debate
1. Nature refers to genetic inheritance and biological factors
  1. Certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance
    1. Eye colour, straight/curly hair etc.
    2. Bowlby's theory of attachment is a biological perspective of development (nature)
      1. Explains the bond between mother (usually) and child as being an innate process
    3. Chomsky's proposal that language is developed through the use of an innate language acquisition device comes from a biological perspective
  2. Characteristics and differences not observed at birth but emerge later in life are referred to as maturation
2. Development as a result of genetic or inherited factors
  1. Gesell's maturation theory
    1. Was interested in children's biological maturation
      1. In the 1940's - 1950's he developed a new methodology or normative approach to researching child development
    2. Observation of large numbers of children to find the skills and abilities that most children had in each age group
      1. Found that each child moved through the sequence at their own pace
      2. Concluded that development was pre-determined and that the environment had little influence
        If a child experiences delayed development then the problem is heredity rather than caused by environmental consequences
    3. His findings were used to establish 'norms' or milestones for each developmental aspect
      1. Helpful to educators and parents today to measure a child's development and recognise developmental delay
    4. Critics of Gesell suggest maturation theory is not helpful in explaining individual or cultural differences or for children with learning difficulties
The nurture debate
1. Nurture refers to external influences on development, like the environment or social influences
2. Development as a result of environmental factors
  1. Bandura's social learning theory
    1. Based on observations of learning occurring through observing others
      1. Based his theory on a famous experiment using a Bobo doll
        He demonstrated that children learn and copy aggressive behaviour by observing adults behaving aggressively
        Importance of modelling appropriate behaviours is recognised by many teachers and parents
    2. Children can copy unwanted behaviours, e.g. hitting
    3. Suggested there were four stages of behavioural learning
      1. 1) Child notices the behaviour of another person, usually somebody close to them or someone they admire
        2) Child 'internalises' the action by remembering what they have observed
        3) May not copy it straight away, they will reproduce the behaviour when opportunity occurs
        4) Depending on positive or negative outcome the child will either repeat the behaviour or desist

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Pearson BTEC Level 3 Health and Social Care - Human Lifespan Development: Factors affecting human growth and development

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