The Nazi dictatorship 1933-39

The Reichstag Fire and March election, 1933
1. Events
  1. 27 Feb 1933: Reichstag burns down
  2. Marinus van der Lubbe (Dutch Communist) arrested
  3. 5 Mar 1933: election held - Nazis 288 seats
2. Results
  1. Communist party banned
  2. Introduction of laws restricting personal liberty
  3. Nazis formed a coalition with nationalists
  4. Hitler increased votes - no arch-rival
The Enabling Act
1. Followed policy of Gleichschaltung "forcible coordination"
2. Passed under intimidation in Mar 1933
3. Gave Hitler right to rule for 4 years without Reichstag
4. Lander destroyed and Germany centralised
5. All other parties banned - one-party dictatorship
6. Trade unions banned
Night of the Long Knives, 1934
1. Causes
  1. Army rivalled with SA
  2. SA pro-socialist - would lead to loss of support of industrialists
  3. Rohm threat to power + against Nazi traditions (openly homosexual)
2. Events
  1. Deal reached with army
  2. 30 Jun 1934 - SS assassinated 400 SA rivals
3. Results
  1. Internal opposition removed
  2. When Hindenburg died, Hitler could become Fuhrer
  3. Army + SS swore personal allegiance to Hitler
Police state
1. SS (Schutzstaffel) - Hitler's personal bodyguard
2. Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei) - secret police
3. Use of terror tactics - torture, intimidation + arrest
4. Concentration camps for political prisoners - Dachau, Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Bergen-Belsen
5. Strict identification systems in concentration camps
Methods of control
1. Legal system
  1. Trial by jury abolished
  2. All judges + lawyers pro-Nazi
  3. People's Court set up to try cases of treason
  4. Hitler made sentences harsher
2. Christianity
  1. Ideals significantly different
  2. Difficult to abolish due to widespread nature
  3. 1933: Concordat signed with Pope - no persecution of Catholics (overturned by 1937)
  4. Nazi Reich Church to replace Protestantism led by Bishop Muller
  5. Pastor Niemoller - Confessional Church, sent to concentration camp
Censorship and propaganda
1. Ministry of Enlightenment and Propaganda headed by Josef Goebbels
2. Newspapers censored by government
3. Cheap radios manufactured for Germans to listen to radio speeches
4. Films pro-Nazi dealing with Aryan themes
5. Mass rallies held in Nuremberg
6. Art, music, architecture and theatre defined as pro-Nazi
7. 1936 Berlin Olympics propaganda event promoting Aryanism

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The Nazi dictatorship 1933-39

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