Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Drugs
- Thalidomide
Anmerkungen:
- Drug developed in 1950s taken till early 60s, for morning sickness
- 1950s-60s
- Morning Sickness
- Distaval
- Birth Defects
Anmerkungen:
- Thalidomide affected 10,000 babies in the UK. It caused birth defects. Only in 1961 was link confirmed. The drug blocked creation of blood vessels
- Francis Kelsey
Anmerkungen:
- Kelsey didn't want drug licensed as she was appalled at lack of research, and there was not enough data
- Lessons Learnt
Anmerkungen:
- Lessons Learnt:
Companies must conform to laws and regulations before a drug is launched, and carry out multiple trials. This takes longer and costs more.
- Leprosy, Cancer
Anmerkungen:
- Thalidomide is still being used for leprosy and cancer
- Misuse
Anmerkungen:
- Drug Misuse: When a person takes a drug for non-medicinal purposes to affect how they feel
- Cannabis
- Potential Schizophrenia
- Affects Brain
- Peer Pressures
- Life Stresses
- Depressants (Sedatives)
Anmerkungen:
- Depressants (Sedatives):
make you feel relaxed
- Hallucinogens
Anmerkungen:
- Hallucinogens;
Drugs affecting hearing or vision
- Recreational
Anmerkungen:
- Recreational;
Non medicinal, affecting mood, emotion or state
- Gateway
Anmerkungen:
- Gateway Drugs;
Drug tried out leading onto stronger drugs
- Tolerance
Anmerkungen:
- Tolerance;
How much of a drug you can take before it has an effect
- Addiction
Anmerkungen:
- Addiction;
Craving the drug and not resisting whatever the cost
- Alcohol
Anmerkungen:
- The government spends more on alcohol abuse than on tobacco/illegal drugs
- Binge Drinking
- Liver Damage
- 100kcl/unit
- 500 under 18s per year in hosppital
- Men 3-4 units
- Women 2-3 units
- Tobacco
- Nicotine
Anmerkungen:
- Nicotine;
Addictive, stimulates CNS increases heart rate and blood pressure. In large quantities poisonous
- Tar
Anmerkungen:
- Tar;
Thousands of chemicals leading to lung problems and maybe cancer
- Carbon Monoxide
Anmerkungen:
- Carbon Monoxide;
Colourless, odorless
Is lighter than oxygen so is easier carried around blood and bound to haemoglobin, less oxygen getting around, more pressure on the heart
- Withdrawal and Dependency
Anmerkungen:
- Withdrawal symptoms;
What happens when you stop taking a drug you are addicted to
- Psychological
Anmerkungen:
- Psychological;
Depend on drug to cope with everyday stresses. 'High feeling'
- Cannabis
- Irritability
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Physical 'Hard'
Anmerkungen:
- Physical addiction;
When the drug changes body chemistry so you feel sick without it
- Cocaine
- Heroine
- Vomiting
- Cramps
- Muscle Spasms
- Performance Enhancing Drugs
- Stimulants
Anmerkungen:
- Stimulants;
Make you feel full of energy
- Blood Doping
- Increases red blood cells
- Increases oxygen transfer
- Increases energy
- Thicker blood
- Higher blood pressure
- Blood Clots
- Strokes
- Heart Attacks
- Caffeine
- Increases Heart Rate
- Increases Blood Flow
- Increases Energy
- Shaking
- Nervousness
- High Blood Pressure
- Dehydration
- Anabolic Steroids
- Stimulates muscle develpment
- Liver damage
- Mood swings
- Reduces recovery time after training
- Weak bones
- Hair growth
- Increase aggression, strength and speed
- Infertility
- Selective Toxicity
Anmerkungen:
- Selective Toxicity: The principle that a drug must be toxic to the pathogen but not to human cells.
- 1: Differences
Anmerkungen:
- Step 1: Differences:
Find differences between the host and the pathogen which the drug can target
- 2: Interference
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 2: Interference:
Find a drug to interfere with target in the pathogen
- 3: Testing
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 3: Testing:
See above
- Stages of Testing
- Stage 1: Research
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 1: Research:
Chemical simulations on the computer to test the hypothesis
- Stage 2: Laboratory Testing
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 2: Laboratory Testing:
Drug tested on live cells then on animals for correct dose and level of toxicity.
- Stage 3: Clinical Trials 1
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 3: Clinical Trials 1:
Tested on small no. of healthy humans for side effects, starting with low dose
- Stage 4: Clinical Trials 2
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 4: Clinical Trials 2:
Tested on 100 humans with disease to see effectiveness in low doses
- Stage 5: Clinical Trials 3
Anmerkungen:
- Stage 5: Clinical Trials 3:
Several hundred sufferers to find best dose and effectiveness compared with current drug