Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Types of Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Glycosidic bond
- bond between
sugar molecules
- monosaccharides
- galactose
- glucose
- fructose
- simple sugars (most common
glucose) often ending with the
suffix -ose
- aldose: has an aldehyde
- ketose: has a ketone
- disaccharides
- lactose
- sucrose
- maltose
- polysaccharides
- starch
- amylose
- amylopectin
- branched
- glycogen
- storage form of glucose usually in
the liver and muscles of humans/vertebates
- whenever blood glucose levels
decrease, glycogen is broken down
to release glucose
- cellulose
- most abundant biopolymer
- cell wall of plants and wood
- cannot be digested by humans, only by
some herbivores due to protists
- alternating positions of glycosidic bonds, need enzyme
cellulase to be broken down
- chitin
- major component of arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine
- short term energy storage and
structural molecules
- n(CH2O)
- BENEFITS
- immediate source of energy (4.3 Kcal)
- insoluble part (fiber) helps bowel movement and remove excess cholesterol
- Lipids
- Ester bond
- bond between glycerol
and fatty acid
- insoluble in water and contain
CHO (just lower number than
carbs)
- long term energy storage,
insulation, structural and protection
- BENEFITS
- essential fats
- help reduce the risk of heart attacks, reduce triglyceride levels in the blood, lower blood pressure
and prevent thrombosis by inhibiting blood clotting.
- Omega-6
- Omega-3
- many vitamins are fat soluble
- A, D, E, K
- fatty acids
- waxes
- long chain fatty acids bond with alcohol
- solid at normal temperature due to high melting point
- prevents water loss and helps protection
- steroids
- hydrocarbons with the carbons arranged in a set of 4 linked rings
- cholesterol
- hormones
- phospholipids
- main component of cell membrane
- glycerol with 2 fatty acids attached and a phosphate head
- hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
- triglycerides
- fats
- solid at room temperature and come from animals
- saturated
- more hydrogen atoms
- straight chains
- oils
- liquid at room temperature and come from plants
- unsaturated
- have double bonds with carbon
- crooked chains
- Proteins
- Peptide bond
- bonds between amino acids
- carboxyl group + amino acid combine to relase water
- chain of amino acids
- polypeptide
- amino acids
- monomers that make up proteins
- has a central carbon atom, bonded to amino
group (and R), carboxyl group, and hydrogen atom
- the side chain (R) determines if
acidic, basic, polar, or non-polar
- sequence and number of amino acids
determine protein shape and function
- 20 types of amino acids
- 10 essential amino acids
- consists of 4 elements: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
and Nitrogen with some proteins having Sulfur
- protein refers to a polypeptide or polypeptides
that have combined together
- BENEFITS
- the most important type of macromolecule
- support
- collagen in skin, keratin in hair, crystallin in eye
- enzymes
- all metabolic transformations are done by enzynes
- transport
- oxygen in the blood is carried by hemoglobin
- nutrition
- insulin, egg yolk, contractile, antibodies
- organized by levels of increasing complexity
- primary
- unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
- secondary
- local folding of polypeptide in some regions
- a-helix
- due to hydrogen bonds that form between the O and
CO and another four amino acids farther along the
chain
- twirling figure
- b-pleated sheet
- pleats are formed by hydrogen bonding with atoms on backbone of chain
- parallel and antiparallel pleated segments
- folded paper figure
- tertiary
- interactions among R-groups
- Interaction between cysteine side chains forms disulfide
linkages in the presence of oxygen (covalent bonding).
- hydrophobic interactions
- hydrophobic R groups of non-polarity lay interior whereas
hydrophilic lay outside
- quarternary
- weak interactions of subunits
- some proteins are formed from
several polypeptides or more than one amino acid chain
- Nucleic Acids
- Phosphate ester bond and hydrogen bond
- bond between phosphate
and pentose sugar + bond
between nitrogenous bases
- nucleotides
- organic compounds composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
- pentose sugars
- deoxyribose
- ribose
- nitrogenous bases
- adenine
- cytosine
- guanine
- thymine
- uracil