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C6- Chemical Synthesis
Beschreibung
Mindmap am C6- Chemical Synthesis, erstellt von charliebutler am 07/06/2014.
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charliebutler
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource
C6- Chemical Synthesis
Chemical synthesis
Process of making complex chemical compounds from simpler ones
Useful products are made
Food additives
Cleaning and decorating products
Pharmeceutical drugs
Fertilisers
Chemicals can be produced on a large or small scale
Pharmeceutical industry has largest share of chemical industry
Acids and Alkalis
Used in chemical industry
Alkalis
Sodium Hydroxide
Ph of more than 7
Can neutralise acids in chemical industry
Acids
Ph of less than 7
Used in chemical industry
Indicators
Change colour depending on whether substance is acid or alkaline
Litmus paper
If paper turns red; solution is acidic
If paper turns blue; soultion is alkaline
Ph meters are more accurate than indicators
Neutralisation reactions
Acidic compounds produce aqueous hydrogen ions in water
Alkaline compounds produce aqueous hydroxide ions in water
Acid + Alkali- Salt + Water
Acids reacting with metals
Acid + Metal- Salt + Hydrogen
Hydrogen is confirmed by a 'squeaky pop' test
The more reactive the metal, the quicker the reaction
Hydrochloric acid will always produce Chloride salts
Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium- Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Sulfuric acid will produce Sulfate salts
Magnesium + Sulfuric acid- Magnesium Sulfate
Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides
Acid + Metal Oxide- Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Hydroxide- Salt + Water
Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Hydroxide- Sodium Chloride + Water
Hydrochloric acid + Copper Oxide- Copper Chloride + Water
Metal Carbonates
Acid + Metal Carbonate- Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Hydrochloric acid + sodium carbonate- sodium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
Synthesising Compounds
1.) Choose the reaction
2.) Risk Assessment
3.) Calculate quantities of reactants needed
4.) Choose correct apparatus and conditions
5.) Isolate product
6.) Purification
7.) Measure yield and purity
Calculating Masses in Reactions
Purification and Measuring Yield
Filtration
Used to seperate an insoluble solid from a liquid
Solid impurities can be seperated out
Evaporation and Crystallisation
Evaporation and Crystallisation
Used to seperate a soluble solid from solution
Filters out impurities
Drying
Used to dry the project by removing excess liquid
Percentage Yield
Actual Yield
Mass of a pure, dry product
Theoritical Yield
Maximum possible mass of a product
Percentage Yield
Actual yield as a proportion of theoritical yield
Actual Yield divided by theoritical yield X 100
Percentage yield will always be less than 100 percent
Titrations
Carried out using a burette
Used to check purity of acidic or alkaline products
They work using neutralisation reactions
You add acid into the burette; which allows you to measure it out drop by drop
The titration flask at the bottom contains alkali and indicator, if it turns a certain colour you know its an acid
Only works with liquids
Energy transfer in Reactions
Exothermic reactions
Give out heat
Shown by a rise in temperature
Endothermic reactions
Take in heat
Shown by a fall in temperature
Energy management is important to control reactions
In exothermic reactions, the heat must be removed before temperature becomes too hot
In endothermic reactions, heat needs to be provided, otherwise reaction will become too cold
Rates of Reaction
How fast the reactants are turned into products
Its important to control
For safety
For economic reasons
The faster the rate, the less money is spent
Factors that affect rate
1.) Temperature
2.) Concentration
3.) Catalyst added
Collision Theory
Depends on how often and how hard reacting particles collide with each other
Rate of reaction
Rate of reaction depends on four things
1.) Temperature
Particles move faster
They'll collide more frequently
They'll have more energy
2.) Concentration
More particles makes collisions more likely
Increases rate
3.) Catalyst
Increases speed of reaction
Encourages colliding particles to stick to where they will collide most frequently
4.) Surface area
There will be more space; so an increased chance of particle collision
Measuring Rates of Reaction
Rate of reaction= Amount of reactant used or product formed divided by time
1.) Precipitation and colour change
2.) Change in mass
3.) Volume of gas given off
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