Personality - Shows how people are different - Different theories = Type. Trait. Factors, Bio.

Studied via :
1. MOSTLY Nomothetic - Scientific / Quantitative
  1. Questionnaires
  2. Based on Laws of Behaviour and can be generalised to everyone
    1. Used to compare people with one another
  3. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
2. Idiographic - Qualitative / Uniqueness
  1. Case Studies, interviews - reflect uniqueness
Personality IS :
1. Characteristics of - Behaviour, attitudes, capabilities & interests
  1. Its unique and means different things to different people
    1. Should help predict future behaviour - and put people into brackets
2. CONSISTENT - Developed over a lifetime
3. RELATIVELY STABLE
Personally - Helps us make sense of ourselves and others
1. Professionally - lets us assess people by groups - schemas or stereotyping- tell if suited to a job
  1. Ie - always early
    1. A personality theory should describe STRUCTURE and DYNAMICS of how the behaviour is produced., Explain why they are always early.
TRAIT THEORIES
1. GALTON -1822 - 1911
  1. Introduced PSYCHOMETRICS = collection of data that describes the range (highest/lowest) and distribution of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY
    1. PSYCHOMETRICS SIMPLIFIED = MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY
2. Offers Consistency - people are consistent to the world and each other.
  1. Difference between TRAIT (constant characteristic) and STATE (short lived experience) = eg might be a punctual person but traffic might mean you are late.
    1. TRAITS remain constant - eg people with a punctuality trait prefer to be early.
3. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES APPROACH
  1. EG - Reliable - Unreliable or Introvert - Extrovert
    1. Connects
4. TRAITS
  1. PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTIC THAT MAKES SOMEONE DIFFERENT FROM ANOTHER
    1. OR ..DESCRIBES INDIVIDUAL'S PERSONALITY
  2. TRAIT SCORES
    1. Continuous variable - person gives number score to show how much of a trait that person has
  3. GREAT MANY TRAITS TO DECRIBE PEOPLE
    1. A person can be described on EVERY TRAIT
  4. WORDS TO DESCRIBE TRAITS:
    1. EXTRAVERSION, INTERVERSION, NEUROTICISM
      1. THESE TRAITS CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED FACTORS BECAUSE THEY ARE SO BROAD
  5. TYPES OF TRAIT
    1. SURFACE TRAITS
      1. Traits that SEEM apparent/obvious
        Eg - Librarian who's friendly - presume Trait =SOCIABLE
      2. SURFACE TRAITS based on PEOPLES PERCEPTION of PERSONALITY
        -'S = NOT ALWAYS BEST DESCRIPTION OF UNDERLYING PERSONALITY DIMENSION
    2. SOURCE TRAITS
      1. DEEPER PATTERNS OF UNDERLYING PERSONALITY
      2. EMERGE despite differences in TESTING SITU
        Eg Questionnaire, methods etc.
        ERIKSON
      3. The SCORES on ALL FACTORS in the PROFILE of the INDIVIDUAL
      4. CATTELL = FACTOR ANALYSIS to IDENTIFY 16 SOURCE TRAITS = which DEVELOPED 16PF
        CATTELL 16PF 1977
        COSTA & McCRAE 1992 = BIG 5 = OCEAN - MORE GENERAL MEANING MORE LEVELS OF UNIQUNESS
        NOTE = FACTOR THEORY / TRAITS = WIDER THAN TRAIT THEORY
        O = OPENNESS
        C = CONTIENCIOUSNESS
        E = EXTROVERSION
        A = AGREEABLENESS
        N = NEUROTICISM
        ANXIOUS, DEPRESSED, GUILTY FEELINGS, LOW SELF ESTEEM, IRRATIONAL, MOODY, SHY EMOTIONAL
        LIKABLENESS
        HIGH EXTRAVERSION = TALKATIVE, PASSIONATE, ACTIVE, DOMINANT & SOCIABLE
        HARDWORKING, DEPENDABLE, RESPONSABLE, DEPENDABLE, TENACIOUS
        HOW CULTURED, INTELLIGENT, RECEPTIVE WE ARE TO NEW IDEAS, PLACES AND INTERESTS
        RELIABLE / & VALID
        ALSO MAIN PERSONALITY INVENTORY = NEO-PI
        NEUROTIC, EXTRAVERSION, OPENNESS
        RELIABLE &VALID
      5. GOLDBERG
        PROPOSED ANOTHER BIG 5
        SIMILAR TO COSTA & McCRAE EXCWPT HAS INTERLLECT AS A FACTOR INSTEAD OF OPENNESS
        SEEKS TO DESCRIBE PERSONALITY
        FACTOR 1 = EXTRAVERSION
        FACTOR 2 = AGREEABLENESS
        FACTOR 3 = CONSCIENCIOUSNESS
        FACTOR 4 = EMOTIONAL STABILITY
        FACTOR 5 = INTERLECT
5. CATTELL
  1. Caattell's Trait Theory
    1. INDUCTIVE METHOD
      1. Vast amount of information gathered over years. Established 16 point PERSONALITY FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE (16PF)
        Traits divided into :
        COMMON TRAITS
        UNIQUE TRAITS
        This method created 35 PRIMARY/FIRST ORDER TRAITS
        Needed METHOD to gather RELIABLE + VALID information
        BEST KNOWN PERSONALITY TEST 16 PF
        CAN BE USED WITH EVERYDAY PEOPLE AND CLINICALLY
        DATA TYPES
        Q- DATA
        QUESTIONNAIRE DATA
        ASKING PEOPLE TO DESCRIBE THEMSELVES IN RESPONSE TO QUS.
        MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE FALSE
        +'S = Easy to do. Quick to get info
        -'s people can manipulate score = lie
        T- DATA
        OBJECTIVE TEST DATA
        COLLECTED BY PEOPLE TAKING PHYSICAL, PROJECTIVE AND REACTION TIMES TESTS - (not obvious what its to achieve)
        +'S - Reduce CHEATING
        -'S - May be LITTLE USE
        L- DATA
        LIFE RECORD DATA
        GATHERED BY GAINING PERSONS LIFE HISTORY - (PERSONAL RECORDS)
        GRADES, DRIVING HISTORY, LETTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT
        +'S - INFO WITHOUT participant fillling out QUESTIONNAIRES
        -'s - LIMITED INFO ABOUT PARTICIPANT
        LONG TIME TO ANALYSE
  2. Wanted to systematically describe personality
FACTOR ANALYSIS
1. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE - showing personality dimensions.
  1. Simplified version of Trait Theory eg lots of traits for trait theory, fewer factors for Factor Analysis.
FACTORS
1. Aim to SUMMARISE things between variables into a smaller pattern - more generalised.
  1. They describe the IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
    1. Basically A smaller number of FACTORS decribes ALL PEOPLE.. and gives greater FLEXABILITY
      1. Person can be described on all factors
      2. FACTORS :
        INTERVERTED, EXTRAVERTED, NEUROTIC
2. FACTOR THEORY/TRAITS WIDER THAN TRAIT THEORY - TRAIT THEORY = SPECIFIC
BIOLOGY
1. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDYING PERSONALITY
  1. LOOKS FOR BIO REASONS/ CAUSES
    1. MOODS / HORMONES/ TEMPERAMENT /MEDICATION/HERETABILITY
      1. 3/4 OF PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS ACCOUNTED BY HEREDITY
        EXIST CROSS CULTURE
      2. STABILITY OF TRAITS OVER TIME
      3. TWIN RESEARCH MORE PREFERED
        TWIN RESEARCH SUGGESTS - STRONG SIMILARITIES ON THESE DIMENTIONS
        MZ
        DZ
2. GRAY
3. BUSS & PLOMIN
  1. STUDY OF TEMPREMENT
    1. BIRTH - TEENAGE
    2. 3 PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT ARE INHERITED3
      1. EMOTIONALLITY
        ACTIVITY
        SOCIABILITY
TYPE THEORY
1. PERSONALITY DETERMINED BY BIOLOGY + TYPE DETERMINES BEHAVIOUR
  1. TYPE = ALL/NOTHING THING. PERSON BELONGS TO ONE CATEGORY ONLY
    1. SMALLER NO OF TYPES DESCRIBES EVERYONE
      1. NOTE = ONE CAT ONLY
2. EYSENCK
  1. PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS
    1. NEUROTICISM - EMOTIONAL STABILITY
      1. INTROVERSION - EXTRAVERSION
        INTRO = OVER AROUSED
        EXTRA = UNDER AROUSED
  2. EYSENCK = 4 INVENTORIES FOR SUPERFACTORS
    1. MAUDSLEY PERSONALITY INVENTORY
    2. EYSENCK PERSONALITY INVENTORY = EPI
      1. EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE = EPQ
        REVISED TO EPQ - R
  3. BIOLOGY LINK

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Personality - Shows how people are different - Different theories = Type. Trait. Factors, Bio.

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