Wks 3 and 4

Fungi differ from animals by having a cell wall

Mycoses is the incorrect term for diseases caused by fungi

Select the Four correct statements about Fungi

Fungi are Prokaryotes

Select the Three perfect growth conditions of Fungi

There are over 100,00 species of Fungi only ....

A Saprophyte is a

A Dermatophyte is a pathogenic fungus that grows on skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails, feathers, and other body surfaces, causing ringworm and related diseases.

[blank_start]Parasitic fungi[blank_end] are the second largest group, of whose members do a lot of serious damage. Rather than obtaining their food from dead animals or plants, they prefer a living host, often attacking and killing, it then living on as a [blank_start]saprophytic fungi[blank_end].

If an [blank_start]obligate parasite[blank_end] cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce. This is opposed to a [blank_start]facultative parasite[blank_end], which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle.

- A [blank_start]Dermatophyte[blank_end] is a pathogenic fungus that grows on skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails, feathers, and other body surfaces, causing ringworm and related diseases. - A [blank_start]Saprophyte[blank_end] is a a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. - [blank_start]Parasitic fungi[blank_end] are the second largest group, of whose members do a lot of serious damage. Rather than obtaining their food from dead animals or plants, they prefer a living host, often attacking and killing, it then living on as a saprophytic fungi. - A [blank_start]facultative parasite[blank_end] is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle.

1. [blank_start]Moulds[blank_end] - mycelial growth made of branching tubular filaments called hyphae 2. [blank_start]True Yeasts[blank_end] - unicellular 3. [blank_start]Yeast[blank_end]- like Fungi (yeast or short filament) 4. [blank_start]Dimorphic Fungi[blank_end] - yeast or mycelial depending on environment

Select the correct classification of Fungi

Select the correct classification of Fungi

A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell.

Select the correct classification of fungus

[blank_start]Yeast-like[blank_end] fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter form a pseudomycelium.

[blank_start]Dimorphic[blank_end] fungi are those fungi that exist either in yeast form or as mold (mycelial form) depending on environmental conditions, physiological conditions of the fungus or the genetic characteristics.

What is this classification of Fungi?

- [blank_start]Dimorphic[blank_end] fungi are those fungi that exist either in yeast form or as mold (mycelial form) depending on environmental conditions, physiological conditions of the fungus or the genetic characteristics. - [blank_start]Yeast like[blank_end] fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter form a pseudomycelium. - [blank_start]True Yeasts[blank_end] are fungi that grow as single cells, producing daughter cells either by budding (the budding yeasts) or by binary fission (the fission yeasts). They differ from most fungi, which grow as thread-like hyphae. - A [blank_start]Mould[blank_end] is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.

What is this?

What is this?

Fungi Growth Requirements - select four

Sabouraud's agar is the perfect media to culture

Sabouraud's agar has a

Fungal reproduction: [blank_start]Yeast[blank_end] - budding [blank_start]Moulds[blank_end] - asexual/sexual

- [blank_start]Binary fission[blank_end] is a simple reproduction method which involves mitosis followed by the splitting of a parent individual. - [blank_start]Budding[blank_end] is a is a when the parent individually produces a smaller individual known as a ‘bud’ by mitotic cell division. This individual is attached to its parent individual and eventually becomes detached from its parent individual.

Asexual spores of fungi: • [blank_start]Sporangiospores[blank_end] – Spores inside sac called sporangium • [blank_start]Chlamydospores[blank_end] – Spores within thickened cell wall of hyphae • [blank_start]Conidiospores[blank_end] (Conidia) – naked spores in chains at hyphal tip • [blank_start]Arthrospores[blank_end] – fragmentation of hyphae • [blank_start]Blastospores[blank_end] – Form as buds

Select the correct type of asexual spores of fungi:

Select the correct type of asexual fungal reproduction

Select the correct asexual type of asexual reproduction

Stages of sexual spore formation • Mating types designated as “+” and “-” 1. Cells of + thallus and – thallus fuse [blank_start](Dikaryotic stage)[blank_end] 2. After several hours / years/ centuries nuclei fuse [blank_start](diploid stage)[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Meiosis[blank_end] of nucleus restores haploid state 4. [blank_start]Haploid[blank_end] nucleus partitioned into + and - spores

Select the Three classifications of Fungal Sexual Reproduction

Tinea is caused by

Select Two different conditions caused by Dermatophycoses

Tinea is caused by Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and M. gypseum

[blank_start]Sporotrichosis[blank_end] is a [blank_start]sub-[blank_end]cutaneous disease caused by the infection of the fungus [blank_start]Sporothrix schenckii[blank_end]. It is usually introduced by thorn pricks or wood splinters

Systemic mycoses are fungal infections affecting internal organs.

Select the Four different types of Systemic mycoses

Systemic Mycoses generally start from lung infection to spread to other areas of body.

Candidosis, crytococcosis and pneumosystis pneumonia are diseases caused by opportunistic fungi. True or false?

25% of worlds food is contaminated with mycotoxins, why don't they generally cause disease?

Select the Five General Properties of Viruses

Differences of DNA and RNA: RNA - - RNA has a [blank_start]ribose[blank_end] sugar - RNA nucleotides have a [blank_start]uracil[blank_end] base DNA- - DNA has a [blank_start]deoxyribose[blank_end] sugar - DNA nucleotides have a [blank_start]thymine[blank_end] base

The classification of viruses is used via the Baltimore Scheme (based on nucleic acid)

The Baltimore scheme has 6 different types of classifications

What is this classification type of virus

The Baltimore Classification System is a scheme for classifying viruses based on the type of genome and its replication strategy.

Select the definition of a Class 1 virus

Select the correct definition of a Class 2 virus

Class 3 Virus is a double stranded RNA which replicates in the core capsid

Class 4 virus is a

Class 5 virus is a

Class 6 virus is a

Class 7 virus is a

A - [blank_start]Spikes (projections)[blank_end] B - [blank_start]Envelope (membrane)[blank_end] C - [blank_start]Capsid (protein coat)[blank_end] D - [blank_start]Capsomeres (capsid subunits)[blank_end] E - [blank_start]Nucleic acid[blank_end]

Caption C - Capsomeres (capsid subunits)

D - Capsomeres (capsid subunits)

Most human viral infections are caused by viruses that have [blank_start]iscosahedral[blank_end] or helicalsymmetries.

Select the correct morphological type of virus

What type of morphological virus is this?

Helical or Eolyhedral are enveloped

The Capsomere is a subunit of the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus. Capsomeres self-assemble to form the capsid.

Class 1 - [blank_start]D[blank_end] Class 2 - [blank_start]A[blank_end] Class 3 - [blank_start]E[blank_end] Class 4 - [blank_start]F[blank_end] Class 5 - [blank_start]B[blank_end] Class 6 - [blank_start]C[blank_end] Class 7 - [blank_start]G[blank_end]

Viral replication process: 1. [blank_start]Attachment[blank_end] – To host cell via specific receptor on cell membrane 2. [blank_start]Penetration[blank_end] – Entry into host cell (internalization) – “Uncoats” – shedding protein shell 3. [blank_start]Replication of viral genome[blank_end] – This varies between viral types – production of viral mRNA – Production of early viral proteins 4. [blank_start]Production[blank_end] of late viral proteins (structural) 5. [blank_start]Assembly[blank_end] of the progeny virions 6. [blank_start]Release[blank_end] of virions from cell (budding or lysis)

Viruses cause disease by two mechanisms:

Replication within the host cell leading to direct damage of the cell does not cause disease via this mechanism

Host defenses leads to cell damage as it attempt to clear the virus infected cells is a disease causing mechanism

A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.

A [blank_start]teratogen[blank_end] is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.

Select the Six types of Viral Infections

In latent infections, overt disease is not produced, but the virus is not eradicated.

Select the correct statement about Arthropod-borne diseases

Select the Six viral modes of transmission

Select the Six different types of Viral control and eradication:

Select the Five methods of viral diagnosis

Insidious Infections: Something that is insidious is unpleasant or dangerous and develops gradually without being noticed.

Select Three correct statements regarding Prions

Prion is a shortened term for

What are the names for Roundworms?

What is the correct name for flatworms?

The general term for worms are called [blank_start]Helminths[blank_end] Flatworms are called [blank_start]Platyhelminths[blank_end] Roundworms are called [blank_start]Nematodes[blank_end]

Trichinella spiralis is found in which meat?

What is the common name for 'Cestodia'?

Tichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbicoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworms are a type of what?

Trematodia (liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica) and Cestodia (tapeworm, Taenia sp) are a type of ...

Platyhelminths are roundworms

Why are nematodes (roundworms) infections so common?

Select Four symptoms of Malaria

Malaria causes symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea and headache, what is the reason for this?

What is the main route of infection for parasites?

Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis are what type of helminth?

How do you detect Nematodes?