diabetes

epidemiology: [blank_start]80[blank_end]% of diabetes patients are type 2. [blank_start]2-3[blank_end] million people in the UK know they have diabetes. diabetes affects [blank_start]2[blank_end]% of the British population with prevalence increasing.

which of the following is not a symptom of diabetes?

what are the diagnostic results that would indicate diabetes? random glucose >[blank_start]11[blank_end] fasting glucose >[blank_start]7[blank_end] HbAc1 >[blank_start]46[blank_end]

which of the following tests is gold standard for diabetes insipidus?

which of the following would not cause an inaccurate HbA1c result?

symptomatic patients need [blank_start]1[blank_end] or more positive results out of RBG, FBG and HbA1c. asymptomatic patients need [blank_start]2[blank_end] or more.

diet education for management of diabetes: T2 = [blank_start]DESMOND[blank_end] T1 = [blank_start]DAPHNE[blank_end]

match the insulin to the correct box

match the type 2 diabetes medication to its action: [blank_start]metformin[blank_end] - reduces hepatic glucose output and increases insulin sensitivity [blank_start]sulphonylureas[blank_end] - stimulate insulin secretion but can cause weight gain and hypoglycaemia [blank_start]acarbose[blank_end] - inhibits breakdown of CHO and prevents glucose absorption by slowing carbohydrate digestion and increasing length of satiety [blank_start]GLP1[blank_end] - stimulate insulin production, enhances beta cells proliferation, reduces appetite, suppresses glucagon secretion, reduces hepatic glucose output, slows gastric emptying, and causes weight reduction [blank_start]SGLT2 inhibitors[blank_end] - block reabsorption of glucose at the proximal tubules of the kidney to increase glucose excretion in urine

match the type of T2DM to the example GLP1 - [blank_start]liraglutide[blank_end] SGLT2 - [blank_start]canagliflozin[blank_end] sulphonylureas - [blank_start]gliclazide[blank_end]

which of the following is not a diagnostic test for type 1 diabetes?

in diabetic pre-pregnancy planning the patient must have tight glycaemic control for a minimum of [blank_start]3[blank_end] months preconception.

which of the following is not a common complication of pregnancy with diabetes?

which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes?

all high risk women are screened for diabetes at 16 weeks

DKA definition: glucose is above [blank_start]15[blank_end]mmol/L and ketones are above [blank_start]++[blank_end], venous bicarb is below [blank_start]15[blank_end] or pH is below [blank_start]7.3[blank_end]

[blank_start]increased[blank_end] plasma glucose --> [blank_start]positive[blank_end] feedback on beta cells of the pancreas --> [blank_start]increased[blank_end] insulin production --> [blank_start]positive[blank_end] feedback on the liver, muscle and adipose tissue --> [blank_start]positive[blank_end] feedback on glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis and glucose transport --> [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] plasma glucose --> [blank_start]negative[blank_end] feedback on beta cells of the pancreas

which of the following does not counteract the action of insulin?

insulin deficiency --> lipolysis --> increased free fatty acids --> ketone body production --> metabolic acidosis

which of the following is not a trigger for a DKA?

which of the following is not a symptom of DKA?

which of the following is not a part of management for DKA?

hypoglycaemia is blood glucose <[blank_start]4[blank_end]mmol/L

[blank_start]30[blank_end]% of diabetics experience a hypoglycaemic coma once during their lives. [blank_start]10[blank_end]% of type 1 diabetics suffer 1 episode of severe hypoglycaemia per year. [blank_start]50[blank_end]% of type 1 patients have a blood glucose <3.5 on any one night.

which of the following is not a symptom of hypoglycaemia?

if glucose is <4mmol/L give 100ml of 20% glucose

which of the following is not a nerve palsy associated with diabetes

up to [blank_start]50[blank_end]% of people with a diabetic foot ulcer will die within [blank_start]5[blank_end] years of their index ulcer.

charcots foot occurs due to small [blank_start]fractures[blank_end] in the foot leading to altered [blank_start]pressure[blank_end]. this leads to foot and ankle [blank_start]deformation[blank_end] which could potentially need to be [blank_start]amputated[blank_end]. treat by [blank_start]immobilising[blank_end] the foot and giving [blank_start]pamidronate[blank_end] and specialised footwear.