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Sensation & Perception FINAL

Beschreibung

All questions from past exams 2015-2017
Lilja Lahtinen
Quiz von Lilja Lahtinen, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Lilja Lahtinen
Erstellt von Lilja Lahtinen vor mehr als 6 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Hue defines
Antworten
  • a catalog of how much energy there is at each wavelength in a given light.
  • monochromatic light.
  • the relative amount of chromatic energy in a light source or surface.
  • A colour direction.
  • relative brightness (or what is sometimes referred to as lightness).

Frage 2

Frage
One fundamental restriction of trichromatic colour matching is that you can use
Antworten
  • only those primaries that can also be used for hue-cancellation tasks in assessing colour opponency.
  • any three primaries as long as two of the three don't add up to match the third.
  • Only primaries which selectively activate each cone photoreceptor.
  • Only monochromatic or near chromatic light

Frage 3

Frage
Subjective contours can create the impression of
Antworten
  • brightness
  • boundaries
  • form
  • other subjective colours
  • all of the above

Frage 4

Frage
The representation of sound on the basilar membrane is such that there are
Antworten
  • resonance patterns of freely vibrating oscillators with a maximum position dependent on frequency.
  • resonance patterns of freely vibrating oscillators with a maximum position dependent on the amplitude of the sine wave.
  • traveling waves in an envelope whose maximum position depends on frequency.
  • standing waves with wavelength related to frequency.
  • traveling envelopes of vibrations related to the amplitude of the sound.

Frage 5

Frage
Which of the following is true about colour?
Antworten
  • It is entirely a psychological property.
  • It is a fundamental property of light.
  • It is an inherent property of objects.
  • All of the above.

Frage 6

Frage
The term prägnanz refers to
Antworten
  • a Gibbsonian principle of direct perception.
  • good form.
  • the parts being greater than the whole.
  • both a and b

Frage 7

Frage
Panum's fusion area is the delimited region
Antworten
  • near the horopter surface where monocular images are confused.
  • where selective attention is given to monocular stimulation from one eye or the other.
  • near the horopter surface where binocular disparate images are fused.
  • where we get the impression of 3D given by a shadow of an object rotating in 2D.

Frage 8

Frage
How are sound frequencies arranged in the auditory cortex?
Antworten
  • The cochlea and the primary cortex are tonotopically organized, but the intermediate stages are not.
  • Tonotopic organization is a feature of all parts of the auditory system.
  • The neural parts of the auditory system are tonotopic, but the cochlea is not.
  • The primary auditory cortex is not arranged according to frequency.

Frage 9

Frage
The psychophysically-derived auditory tuning curves reveal
Antworten
  • an inverted U-shape characteristic of symmetrical sensitivity declines with flanking frequencies.
  • narrower tuning curves for lower frequency sinusoidal tones.
  • broader U-shaped curves at lower frequencies.
  • properties indicative of asymmetric masking profiles.

Frage 10

Frage
Objects located on the horopter surface will
Antworten
  • appear as corresponding images on the two retinas
  • not appear at corresponding points on the two retinas
  • be perceived as moving faster relative to objects further away
  • look smaller than objects located in front of Panum's fusion area

Frage 11

Frage
The CIE diagram represents
Antworten
  • all possible lights as combinations of three primary colours
  • the broadband loci for the visual system
  • all monochromatic lights
  • imaginary colours

Frage 12

Frage
The retina is exposed to 420 nm (extreme short wavelength) light. Light of this short wavelength will have its maximum effect on the ________________ opponent-process channel(s).
Antworten
  • blue and green components of the r-g.
  • blue component of the y-b
  • blue and yellow components of the y-b
  • red component of the r-g

Frage 13

Frage
In the audition lecture, we learned that
Antworten
  • inner hair cells are receptors designed to respond to sound wave frequencies.
  • mechanoreceptors of the inner hair cells are responsive to sound wave frequencies in scala tympani.
  • inner hair cells are more susceptible to disease than outer hair cells
  • there are more inner than outer hair receptors in the cochlea.
  • efferent fibres emerging from the inner hair cells project ipsilaterally to MGN and then to olivary nuclei.

Frage 14

Frage
Convergence of lines toward a single point in the horizon provides
Antworten
  • familiar size cues
  • interposition cues
  • aerial perspective cues
  • linear perspective cues
  • texture cues

Frage 15

Frage
The trichromatic system is predominantly located in the
Antworten
  • ipsilateral layers of the LGN which project to the blob regions of the cortex
  • higher visual pathway (i.e. the cortex)
  • lower visual pathway (i.e. the retina)
  • both b and c
  • none of the above (trichromacy is found throughout the visual pathway)

Frage 16

Frage
A patient who has deficits in correctly identifying objects they see, but has no trouble drawing or copying objects may be showing signs of...
Antworten
  • apperceptive agnosia.
  • achromatopsia
  • associative agnosia
  • visuospatial dysagnosia
  • sensory ataxia

Frage 17

Frage
Transforming the R, G, B tristimulus space into a two-dimensional, Cartesian (x, y) coordinate system can be done by
Antworten
  • normalizing the amount of primaries to the peak of the SWS spectral sensitivity function
  • using only imaginary primaries
  • converting the tristimulus values into a proportion of unit total energy
  • collapsing the B axis to 0.0
  • both c and d

Frage 18

Frage
Providing a context of expectations is an example of
Antworten
  • bottom-up processing
  • the Feature Extracting Model
  • top-down processing
  • b and c
  • none of the above

Frage 19

Frage
The problem with template matching...
Antworten
  • is that templates must be able to shift orientation/position to take into account all the different perspectives we can take of objects
  • features that are easily recognized as being the same class may be very different physically
  • a character may be recognized as one thing even though it more closely matches another
  • all of the above

Frage 20

Frage
Another word for an object's reflectance is:
Antworten
  • umbra
  • albedo
  • retinex
  • sparkle

Frage 21

Frage
The cochlea codes for frequency by:
Antworten
  • the place along the basilar membrane where action potentials are generated
  • the sum of action potential activity from a number of receptor cells along the basilar membrane
  • action potentials that are "phase-locked" to the stimulus frequency
  • all of the above

Frage 22

Frage
Changing the intensity of a stimulus can change the ______________ of the stimulus.
Antworten
  • Hue
  • Colour
  • brightness
  • saturation
  • all of the above

Frage 23

Frage
The binocular depth cue convergence
Antworten
  • involves a bulging of the lens.
  • involves the extraocular muscles of the eye
  • is effective only at distances greater than about 10 feet from the observer
  • involves a comparison of the images in the left and right eye
  • is monocular only because of its synkinetic relationship with accommodation (i.e. A/C ratio)

Frage 24

Frage
The pandemonium model is an excellent example of
Antworten
  • parallel processing
  • serial processing
  • both parallel and serial processing
  • none of the above

Frage 25

Frage
The general premise of structuralism is that _________________.
Antworten
  • the conscious experience must be considered globally
  • mental experiences result from a core set of elementary building blocks that are assembled together in the mind
  • the whole figure is saturated with a property as as unit that is not evident when it is broken down and analyzed as a collection of features
  • top-down processing best explains the processes involved in visual perception
  • c and d

Frage 26

Frage
Compared to the tuning curves (amplitude of vibration versus frequency) for a particular location on the basilar membrane, the tuning curve for a single cochlear nucleus cell receiving nerve fibres that contact the hair cells at the same location is
Antworten
  • peaked at different frequency but identical width
  • peaked at the same frequency but somewhat narrower
  • identical
  • peaked at the same frequency but somewhat broader

Frage 27

Frage
An observation explained by opponent process colour theory and NOT by trichromatic colour theory is
Antworten
  • we all require four names (red, yellow, green, blue) to name the colours of the spectrum
  • we require three primary colours (red, green, blue) to match any coloured light
  • there are three cone types, each with a different pigment
  • subtractive solour mixture does not follow the same laws as additive mixture

Frage 28

Frage
According to the Synthesizer Models, the two types of stimuli are characterized as
Antworten
  • ventral and dorsal
  • proximal and dorsal
  • ventral and distal
  • proximal and distal

Frage 29

Frage
The increase spatial frequency of scene elements as distance increases provides
Antworten
  • Panama's fusion area
  • texture gradients
  • motion parallax
  • elevation cues
  • linear perspective

Frage 30

Frage
Each spatial channel is ______ to a specific range of ______
Antworten
  • optimally sensitive, frequencies
  • optimally sensitive, wavelengths
  • insensitive, colours
  • sensitive, intensities

Frage 31

Frage
In the Pandemonium model, what is the correct hierarchical order of the demons (detectors)?
Antworten
  • feature, image, cognitive, decision
  • image, feature, cognitive, decisions
  • image, decision, feature, cognitive
  • feature, decision, image, cognitive

Frage 32

Frage
An important function of the ossicles in the middle ear is to
Antworten
  • focus vibrations on the appropriate portion of the basilar membrane
  • equalize the pressures between the scala tympani and basilar membrane
  • prevent leakage of cochlear fluid
  • match the impedances between air and fluid of the cochlea

Frage 33

Frage
The area of the cochlea that sees the most hair cell activity is found at the ____ of the basilar membrane nearest the ____ window
Antworten
  • apex, oval
  • bottom two-thirds, round
  • scala tympani, tectorial
  • scala vestibuli, round
  • base, oval

Frage 34

Frage
According to zone theory, the luminance channel is primarily driven by the
Antworten
  • r-g and y-b cones
  • MWS and SWS cones
  • LWS cones
  • MWS and LWS cones
  • S cones because their genotypic similarity to the rods

Frage 35

Frage
Which law of organization dominates our perceptive of ---> ^ < >
Antworten
  • simplicity
  • closure
  • proximity
  • similarity

Frage 36

Frage
The Gestalt principles of perceptual organization are based on the idea that
Antworten
  • the whole figure is greater than the sum of its parts
  • the sum of the parts of a figure is greater than the whole
  • images are projected no the same retinal space
  • "Good" forms are hard to see

Frage 37

Frage
Colour constancy is the ability to assign correctly a judgement of
Antworten
  • hue regardless of changes in narrowband illuminance
  • hue regardless of changes in broadband illuminance
  • whiteness or blackness regardless of changes in illuminance
  • whiteness or blackness exclusively under the same illuminance conditions

Frage 38

Frage
The reason that sunlight appears white is because
Antworten
  • subtractive colour mixing predicts that sunlight is white
  • all other colours of the spectrum are absorbed by surrounding objects
  • white light is the only colour reflected by the sum
  • it is a mixture of all the spectral colours

Frage 39

Frage
The travelling waves on the basilar membrane of the cochlea
Antworten
  • remain the same size as they travel from base to apex
  • change size as they travel, so they reach a maximum amplitude at a location typical for the sound frequency
  • can travel from apex to base if stimulation is at the apex
  • are actually stationary; it is their envelope that travels from apex to base
  • primary activate the OHC and not the IHC, because the OHC stereocilia are physically embedded in the tectorial membrane

Frage 40

Frage
The current best explanation for the apparent closeness of the horizon moon compared to the zenith moon depends on the relationship between registered distance (RD) and judged distance (JD) in which
Antworten
  • RD makes the moon appear larger at the zenith
  • RD is always accurate, but JD varies with viewing conditions
  • RD is determined by visual angel, while JD is always its inverse
  • RD is based on the "flattened bowl" effect, JD is based on perceived distance distance derived from RD
  • RD and JD must differ because they are in separate pathways

Frage 41

Frage
Top-down processing implies
Antworten
  • that "higher" processes modulate and guide the processing done at "lower" centers
  • the perception of the stimulus in its individual elements
  • the recognition of patterns which are upside down
  • the recognition of textures

Frage 42

Frage
On one side of a bipartite field is 100 photons of 500nm "green" light; on the other side is 100 photons of 660nm "red" light. If I want to minimize the brightness border between these two fields, what would I have to do?
Antworten
  • Make them equiluminant by increasing the intensity on the 660nm side
  • Make them equally radiant by increasing the number of photons on the 500nm side
  • Filter both sides so that only monochromatic light arrives in my eyes, and then I make a brightness adjustment
  • Make them equiliminant by increasing the quantal number on the "green" side to accommodate V1

Frage 43

Frage
Top-down processing implies:
Antworten
  • That "higher" processes modulate and guide the processing done at "lower" centres
  • The perception of stimulus in its individual elements
  • The recognition of patterns which are upside down
  • The recognitive of textures

Frage 44

Frage
Gilchrist showed that knowing the properties of an illuminant
Antworten
  • will establish a lightness judgement when matching the grey Munsell chips
  • will establish a ratio match with the Munsell values
  • will move matching Munsell values value away from lower luminance values
  • all of the above

Frage 45

Frage
Quanta absorbed more by erythrolabe than chlorolabe pigments will more than likely activate the
Antworten
  • r-g channel weighted towards the g component
  • r-g channel weighted towards the r component
  • y-b channel weighted towards the y component
  • luminance channel weighted towards the (LWS + MWS) - SWS components

Frage 46

Frage
From which of the following structures does the primary auditory cortex receive direct inputs
Antworten
  • superior olivary complex
  • nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
  • medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
  • cochlear nucleus

Frage 47

Frage
In the pandemonium model, image demons ______
Antworten
  • are equivalent to cortical neurons
  • seek evidence from the shouts of feature demons to recognize objects in the visual field
  • are equivalent to cells in V1 only
  • ultimately decide what pattern is present
  • report whether there is light at a particular place in the visual field

Frage 48

Frage
In the retinex theory, lightness is
Antworten
  • built up from the ratios of luminance at various borders
  • built up exclusively from the mean luminance of the image
  • the same as brightness enhancement
  • defined as reflectance
  • the same as brightness

Frage 49

Frage
The above illusion is best exemplified by the ___ and is mediated by ___ (note the two black lines are the same lenght) <-----> vs. >-----<
Antworten
  • Poggendorf illusion; false depth cues
  • Corridor illusion; shape constancy
  • Muller-Lyer illusion; texture and parallax cues
  • Pronzo illusion; false depth cues
  • familiarity of lines; all but the binocular depth cues

Frage 50

Frage
Most cortical cells tuned to disparities near the horopter surface, or to detecting crossings of the horopter surface, seem to be found
Antworten
  • in the retina
  • in LGN
  • in the magnocellular pathways
  • in the parvocellular pathways

Frage 51

Frage
P1 latency is an evoked potential related to
Antworten
  • The accumulated sum of delays in synaptic propagation through the central auditory pathways
  • Cortical and sub-cortical feedback loop activity in response to inner hair cell action potential
  • The ability of children with cochlear implants to understand speech as related to age
  • Ipsilateral and contralateral auditory pathway activity in the brainstem

Frage 52

Frage
Objects placed higher in the scene will tend to be perceived as being farther away due to
Antworten
  • familiar size cues
  • interposition
  • elevation cues
  • binocular disparity
  • aerial perspective

Frage 53

Frage
Deuteranopes lack
Antworten
  • LWS cones
  • SWS cones
  • MWS cones
  • y-b channels
  • Blue (or B-) cones

Frage 54

Frage
According to the recent Scientific American article "Seeing Forbidden Colours", Crane and Piantanida stabilized retinal coloured images using an eye tracker and demonstrated
Antworten
  • the perceptual blending of "red" and "blue" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
  • the perceptual blending of "green" and "blue" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
  • the perceptual blending of "blue" and "yellow" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
  • the perceptual awareness of luminance in an otherwise isochromatic bipartite border
  • the perceptual shutdown of all chromatic signals across the diminishing bipartite border

Frage 55

Frage
The hue-cancellation technique
Antworten
  • was used by Jameson and Hurvich in 1995 to reintroduce colour opponent as an extension of Ewald Hering's trichromatic theory
  • shows that the composition of spectral colours can be represented by three primaries
  • quantifies the strengths of the r-g and y-b channels across the spectrum
  • all of the above

Frage 56

Frage
Which pairs of points of the two eyeballs above represent the greatest amount of image disparity
Antworten
  • A and G
  • B and J
  • D and H
  • C and H because they are foveal
  • C and A because both points are within the same eye

Frage 57

Frage
The person who looks smaller in the Ames room looks smaller because
Antworten
  • she actually is smaller than the other person
  • she has a larger visual angle, so size constancy causes her to appear smaller
  • she has a small visual angle than the other person but appears to be at the same distance
  • she has the same visual angle than the other person but is actually much further away
  • she has a larger visual angle than the other person but appears to be at the same distance

Frage 58

Frage
This perceptual grouping refers to patterns or items that are moving in the same direction at the same speed
Antworten
  • common fate
  • simplicity
  • proximity
  • continuity
  • motion parallax

Frage 59

Frage
We perceive the above figure as a dark circle superimposed onto a square because
Antworten
  • of Pragnanz
  • humans tend to perceived dark shapes in front of lighter ones
  • we always desire to view obscured figural relations
  • humans tend to perceive complex shapes instead of simple ones
  • of Utah

Frage 60

Frage
The outer hair cells of the cochlea are responsible for
Antworten
  • transduction of mechanical energy to electrical energy
  • sharpening and fine tuning of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane
  • acting as a disease resistant mechanism by regulating anaerobic metabolism in the cochlea
  • supporting the tectoral membrane of the Organ of Corti

Frage 61

Frage
Vibration of the basilar membrane
Antworten
  • creates sheer forces on the stereocilia of hair cells
  • is amplified by the action of inner hair cells (IHC)
  • does not occur when the tensor tympani is contracted
  • Both a and b

Frage 62

Frage
Cochlear implants electrodes
Antworten
  • are positioned along the cochlear length so that different tectorial membranes can be stimulated simultaneously
  • directly activate the auditory nerve by stimulating the nerve at different sites along the cochlear length
  • are useful only when the basilar membrane is intact
  • when the don't work the first time are removed and repositioned into place to ensure an accurate tonotopic map
  • both b and d

Frage 63

Frage
Black
Antworten
  • is highly saturated
  • reflects all wavelengths unless the surface is subtractive
  • is a broad-band aperture colour
  • can only be seen by normal trichromats
  • is a relative colour based on surrounding light

Frage 64

Frage
When an artist mixes two or more pigmented paints, this is the result
Antworten
  • there is more light in the mixture than in each component
  • the mixture allows the reflection of long and short wavelengths and prevents reflection of medium wavelengths
  • the mixture allows the reflection of long wavelengths and prevents reflection of the medium and short wavelengths
  • there is less light in the mixture than in any of the components
  • light reflected is based on which paints are combined in the additive mixture

Frage 65

Frage
The prolonging of P1 waveform latencies in late cochlear-implanted children is evidence for
Antworten
  • Abnormal multisensory integration in children who receive auditory stimulation later in life
  • Parasitization of the auditory cortex by adjacent cortical regions
  • The abnormal integration of a normal visual system with an impaired auditory system
  • Increased cortical plasticity of the visual cortex
  • All but d

Frage 66

Frage
What attaches to the round window in the cochlea?
Antworten
  • the incus, thereby acting as a fulcrum
  • the stapes, which exerts pressure in the fluid filled cochlear chambers
  • the malleus, which exerts pressure on the tympanic membrane
  • Reissner's membrane, necessary for tectorial membrane actions on the outer hair cells
  • none of the above

Frage 67

Frage
A systematic relationship between the spatial position of cortical cells and the frequencies of sound to which those cells are sensitive is known as a
Antworten
  • sonotopic map
  • acoustic map
  • auditory map
  • tonotopic map
  • pinna map

Frage 68

Frage
The fact that all colours may be matched with a set of three primary demonstrates that
Antworten
  • all colours contain only three wavelengths
  • at some point in the visual system, there are three independent chromatic systems
  • no two of the three cones types can be sensitive to any given wavelength
  • colour is NOT processed by opponent systems

Frage 69

Frage
The cochlear is responsible for:
Antworten
  • balance and hearing
  • ear infections
  • transduction of mechanical energy to action potential
  • fine tuning of the traveling wave through efferent signals from the auditory cortex

Frage 70

Frage
Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that share common features will be grouped together?
Antworten
  • closure
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • common fate

Frage 71

Frage
The binding problem in the feature integration theory refers to
Antworten
  • how objects are combined in a visual scene
  • how some features are more salient than others
  • how past experiences influences our perceptual interpretations
  • how elementary features are assembled into a visual objects

Frage 72

Frage
In the assigned reading on "Forbidden Colours", participants were able to see novel colours that are usually impossible to perceive (e.g, blueish-yellow) when ______
Antworten
  • the participants stared at fields of colours separated on the horizontal axis that were motionless, with one field distinctly brighter than the other
  • the participants stared at side-by-side fields of opponent colours that were constantly in motion irrespective of luminance
  • the participants stared at side-by-side fields of opponent colours that were motionless and matched for luminance
  • both a and c

Frage 73

Frage
To perceptually distinguish objects that differ solely on wavelength, we need a minimum of ___ different receptor mechanisms
Antworten
  • one
  • two
  • three
  • four
  • any number as long as the photoreceptors neurologically converge to 3 types of ganglion cells

Frage 74

Frage
(Using the above CIE figure to answer this question) Which of the following loci (designated by letters) will appear to have the least amount of saturation?
Antworten
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • None of the above

Frage 75

Frage
(Using the above CIE figure to answer this question) Which pair of wavelengths (connected by continuous lines) are complimentary?
Antworten
  • the 580-480nm pair because the connecting line cutes through point B
  • the 500-560nm pair because the connecting line cuts through the "green" region of the CIE
  • the 540-450nm pair because the connecting line is near the collapsed origin
  • the 520nm - 0.6 x-coordinate because the connection line cuts through the alychne and non spectral purples

Frage 76

Frage
To determine the dominant wavelength of colour specified at locus C, you would need to
Antworten
  • draw a line through point C to the opposite side of the graph and locate the wavelength where the line bisects the spectral curve
  • determine the distance from C to point B
  • draw a line from point C to the origin and measure the saturation distance
  • draw a line through point C and B and measure the bisecting point on the spectral curve nearest to C

Frage 77

Frage
If you were to adapt to a red vertical grating and a green horizontal grating by alternately viewing one and then the other, and then inspect a pattern made of black and white gratings of the same frequency, what would you see
Antworten
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear greenish, and the horizontal areas would appear reddish
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear yellowish, and the horizontal areas would appear bluish
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear reddish and the horizontal areas would appear greenish
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear bluish and the horizontal areas would appear yellowish

Frage 78

Frage
Julesz's experiments with random dot stereograms show that
Antworten
  • it is possible to perceive depth based only on the cue of overlap
  • it is possible to perceive depth when there is no disparity
  • it is possible to perceive depth when there is only disparity
  • motion parallax is necessary for depth perception

Frage 79

Frage
The different motion velocities of objects at different distances (with a movement direction opposite that of an observe's) is called
Antworten
  • fusion area
  • binocular parallax
  • motion parallax
  • kinetic depth effect

Frage 80

Frage
What the Muller-Lyer, Pronto and Ames room illusion have in common is that they all involve
Antworten
  • shape constancy
  • good-form conflicts
  • form and shape conflicts
  • size and depth conflicts

Frage 81

Frage
The problem of the missing fundamental may be explained by supporting that
Antworten
  • the brain reconstructs the missing fundamental based on an analysis of the hormonic components
  • the peak in the basilar membrane corresponds to the fundamental frequency
  • cochlear neurons fire at a rate that corresponds to the fundamental frequency
  • none of the above

Frage 82

Frage
The perception of "green" is due to
Antworten
  • approximately equal stimulation of LWS and MWS cones
  • a greater stimulation of MWS than LWS cones
  • the stimulation of primarily LWS cones
  • a decreased weighted "green" opponent response

Frage 83

Frage
According to the concept of simultaneous contrast _________
Antworten
  • An object of moderate reflectance is most accurately perceived when presented against a black background
  • An object of moderate reflectance looks darker in front of black background that it would in front of a white background
  • An object of moderate reflectance looks the same regardless of background colour
  • An object of moderate reflectance is most accurately perceived when presented against a white background
  • An object of moderate reflectance looks lighter in front of a black background than it would in front of a white background

Frage 84

Frage
What was one of the fundamental advantages of chromatic opponent that was discussed in class?
Antworten
  • it enables individuals to have greater sensitivity to longer and shorter wavelengths
  • it allows for the perception of magentas, purples, etc. that use both LWS and SWS cone inputs
  • differencing operations enables the brain to discriminate wavelength signals more efficiently
  • it enables individuals to produce signals that are both chromatic and luminance based

Frage 85

Frage
(Use this figure to answer question) Two eyes above are fixating on point X. Three points A, B and C are located at the positions shown in the diagram. Which point will result in retinal images that have the least amount of disparity
Antworten
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • both A and C if they lie in Panama's fusion area

Frage 86

Frage
(Use this figure to answer question) In the same image diagram, Panum's area is delineated by which arc(s)?
Antworten
  • r and s
  • s and q
  • r and q
  • q only
  • r only

Frage 87

Frage
(Use this figure to answer question) Referring to the above diagram, which point(s) will produce crossed disparity?
Antworten
  • A
  • A and B
  • C
  • X
  • C and X

Frage 88

Frage
(Use this figure to answer question) Objects located on arc q will produce
Antworten
  • images that are crossed
  • images that are uncrossed
  • crossed disparity
  • corresponding images

Frage 89

Frage
Data from experiments on afterimages, complementary colours, and colour naming support a(n)
Antworten
  • monochromatic model
  • opponent process model
  • trichromatic model
  • hierarchical, top-down model

Frage 90

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Which of the following statements was not made by Gestalt theorist
Antworten
  • a subjective experience and its underlying neural event have similar structures
  • complex perceptions can be understood by identifying the elementary parts of experience
  • the whole is different from the sum of its part
  • shape and melody are examples of emergent properties
  • stimuli create electric fields in the brain that interact and converge toward a state of minimum energy

Frage 91

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Many of the great Impressionistic artists
Antworten
  • were on drugs
  • used the principles of assimilation to convey colour contrasts
  • used the subtractive mixing principles of pigment to convey properties of light in their paintings
  • relied on additivity to convey properties of light
  • both b and d

Frage 92

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In additive colour mixing, there is
Antworten
  • more light in the mixture than in any component
  • less light in the mixture than in any component
  • a constant amount of light in both the mixture and any component
  • only light mixture: you cannot demonstrate additive mixture using coloured pigments
  • selective filtering of certain wavelengths over others

Frage 93

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The transduction from mechanical energy (sound) into neural energy in the ear takes place when
Antworten
  • the tectorial membrane is bend, allowing perilymph and endolymph to mix
  • traveling waves push the endolymph through the helicotrema
  • the rods of Corte are pressed against Reissner's membrane, opening chloride channels
  • the cilia on hair cells are sheared sideways, causing depolarization

Frage 94

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Sound waves are transducer into mechanical energy in the ____ and then into neural signals in the _____
Antworten
  • middle ear, cochlea
  • cochlea, inner ear
  • auditory meatus, middle ossicles
  • inner ear, middle ear
  • basilar membrane, tectorial membrane

Frage 95

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The monocular depth cue, aerial (or atmospheric) perspective is due in part to
Antworten
  • linear perspective
  • size familiarity
  • Rayleigh light scatter
  • stereoscopic fusion

Frage 96

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Which light source shows a high spike of energy at just one wavelength
Antworten
  • tungsten light bulb
  • laser
  • fluorescent light bulb
  • sunlight

Frage 97

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The grouping of feature into figures is referred to as a
Antworten
  • pre-attentive process
  • conscious process
  • principle of proximity
  • principle of similarity

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The pattern of firing of a single auditory nerve finer in response to a 500 Hz tone is likely to be (Note: the period of a 500 Hz wave is 2 msec)
Antworten
  • fairly random, with intervals between successive spikes of almost any duration
  • tightly synchronized with the sound wave, with one impulse every 2 msec
  • uncorrelated with the phase of the sound wave, but with intervals of 500 msec
  • synchronized with the phase of the sound wave, with intervals of 2 msec, 4 msec, 6 msec, etc. (all multiple of 2 msec)

Frage 99

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In the figure above, the circle marked "A" may appear larger than the one marked "B" (although they are the same size). This may be because
Antworten
  • circle "A" appears closer
  • circle "B" appears closer
  • "A" subtends a larger visual angle
  • the lines cause a misrepresentation of the visual angles, making the angles for "B" seem larger

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A test disk whose luminance is 50 miliLambert (mL) is viewed against a 25mL background. A comparison disk is viewed against a 100mL background; the subject's task is to set the luminance of the comparison disk so that it appears the same "lightness" as the test disk. According to Retinex, the comparison disk should be set to about
Antworten
  • 50 mL
  • 75 mL
  • 125 mL
  • 200 mL
  • 250 mL

Frage 101

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The auditory receptors in the inner ear are near or in contact with the
Antworten
  • Corti cells
  • listeners
  • tectorial membrane
  • hair cells
  • Reissner's membrane

Frage 102

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In a pure tone, the pressure change from baseline to the peaks of the sinusoidal function is called the
Antworten
  • frequency
  • pitch
  • intensity
  • amplitude

Frage 103

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In order to achieve colour constancy, you need
Antworten
  • surrounding complexity to judge luminance and/or chromatic border ratios
  • knowledge about the illuminant
  • a broadband illuminant
  • surface and shadow cues that help define the spectral nature of the illuminant
  • all of the above

Frage 104

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The speed of sound is dependent upon
Antworten
  • the characteristics of the medium
  • the intensity of the sound
  • the sound frequency
  • none of the above

Frage 105

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The detection of spatial frequencies is premised on the existence of _____ in the visual system
Antworten
  • multiple spatial frequency channels
  • one large Fournier analyzer
  • ganglion cells
  • cognitive demons

Frage 106

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The fact that a middle C can be played on a piano, flute, and guitar, yet sound different, is called
Antworten
  • pitch
  • timbre
  • frequency
  • harmonics

Frage 107

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(Using the distance of test vs. size of comparison graph) The graph above shows the results of Holway and Boring's size estimation experiment in which observers set the size of a comparison circle so it matched their perception of the size of a test circle. Which line best characterizes size constancy with dept information present?
Antworten
  • A
  • B
  • C

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(Using the distance of test vs. size of comparison graph) Which line represents size estimation based solely on image height (visual angle)?
Antworten
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • none of the above, size estimation is not possible based solely on visual angle

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Which of the following is true of dichromatic vision?
Antworten
  • three primaries are still needed for colour matching
  • colour matches can be made on the basis of only two primaries
  • dichromate can only perceive contrast differences
  • colour matches can be made on the basis of a single primary
  • none of the above

Frage 110

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In order to test saturation discrimination, experiments measure
Antworten
  • how much a "red" light needs to be added to another coloured light of equal luminance before it looks different from a pure coloured light
  • how much of a coloured light needs to be added to another before the mixture looks grey
  • how much of a coloured light needs to be added to a white light before it looks different from a white light
  • how much of a "black" light needs to be added to a coloured light before it looks grey

Frage 111

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Which of the following is NOT a complication regarding the relationship between frequency and pitch?
Antworten
  • Changes in a tone's intensity has a different effect on high and low frequency tones.
  • A particular pitch sensation may occur in the absence of the signal that corresponds to that particular frequency
  • The intensity of a tone can affect its pitch even when the frequency remains unchanged
  • all of the above are complications.

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If motion perception is mainly a function of the magnocellular system, then what do you think would happen if you were to move (drift) equiluminant red and green stripes?
Antworten
  • The stripes will appear to stop moving.
  • The perceived speed of the moving gratings will accelerate.
  • The red striped will appear green, and the green stripes will appear red.
  • Both A and C

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The U-shaped profile of the minimum audibility curve cannot be due to the cochlea because
Antworten
  • the basilar membrane responds differently to different frequencies
  • the basilar membrane's mechanical response function is for the most part similar across a range of frequencies.
  • The U-shaped profile of the minimum audibility curve is due to the cochlea.
  • its mechanical response function differs across a broad range of frequencies.

Frage 114

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Colour constancy does not occur when
Antworten
  • the scene is viewed under aperture conditions
  • objects are viewed through a tube whereby only a small part of the scene is in view
  • objects are viewed under narrow-band light sources
  • all of the above

Frage 115

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When we change the accommodative state, this gives us clues about distance because
Antworten
  • far objects require less optical power than close ones
  • near objects require less optical power than more distant ones.
  • focusing on distant and then close objects requires more optical power than focusing on close objects and then distant
  • none of the above.

Frage 116

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The current view regarding pitch perception with a complex musical tone is that
Antworten
  • the spatial pattern of peak wave activity on the basilar membrane is recognized by the brain as a single pitch.
  • only the harmonics activate the basilar membrane
  • only the fundamental frequency activates the basilar membrane
  • it is perceived as multiple frequency components

Frage 117

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In order to successfully use the retinal image size is a cue for distance, you must
Antworten
  • be familiar with the objects to know its approximate size
  • use both of your eyes to determine who much the eyes are converging on the object
  • both of your eyes to compare the retinal image size in each eye
  • none of the above

Frage 118

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A Fourier analysis is
Antworten
  • a representation of the frequency and amplitude of a complex period pattern into a single function.
  • a way of combining individual sine waves into a complex period pattern
  • the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of sine wave functions
  • none of the above.

Frage 119

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The fact that the colour appearance of a light or object depends on the surrounding colours is called
Antworten
  • wavelength discrimination threshold
  • colour constancy
  • colour contrast
  • chromatic efficiency

Frage 120

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Which of the following stimuli will cause the largest activity in V4?
Antworten
  • Alternating black and white striations
  • A steady, circular monochromatic stimulus.
  • A white "bouncing ball" presented on a CRT
  • A brightly coloured Mondrian

Frage 121

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What is the different between conductive loss and sensorineural loss?
Antworten
  • no difference, the are the same condition
  • conductive loss involved outer and middle ear, sensorineural loss involves the inner ear
  • sensorineural loss involves outer and middle ear, conductive loss involves the inner ear
  • the former is due to a congenital disorder only

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A pattern in which figure and ground can be interchanged such that two different patterns can be perceived are called
Antworten
  • subjective contours
  • impossible figures
  • ambiguous figures
  • metacontrast figures

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Phase locking occurs when
Antworten
  • the sensitive period for cortical plasticity ends
  • one or more inner hair cells generate action potentials synchronous with stimulus frequency
  • inner hair cell activity cannot replicate the traveling wave on the basilar membrane
  • P1 latency is high, suggesting abnormal action potential propagation

Frage 124

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Light that is not reflected is ______ by an object, and this is dependent on the ______ of the objects surface
Antworten
  • refracted; pigment and texture
  • exuded; density and size
  • absorbed; pigment and texture
  • mirrored; density and pigment
  • none of the above

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The colour signal refers to
Antworten
  • the surface reflectance properties as it selects certain wavelengths over other
  • the reflected light entering the eyes after considering the spectral content of incident light and surface reflectance.
  • the spectral content of the illuminant and how this affects the absorption properties of the L, M, and S cones.
  • the surface transmittance filtering properties that are essential for surface invariance.

Frage 126

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The response of a +Y-B cell in the LGN ("yellow"cell) to a flash of 520 nm ("bluish) light is
Antworten
  • increased firing at onset, decreased firing at offset
  • decreased firing at onset, increased firing at offset
  • no response
  • increased firing at both onset and offset

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One way that sound intensity is translated into loudness by the brain is
Antworten
  • by the pressure exerted on the round window
  • by the amount of pressure that is felt on the eardrum
  • by assessing the subset of auditory neurons firing for each specific intensity
  • none of the above

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A central input of S cones in an excitatory manner along with a flanking inhibitory input from both L and M cones
Antworten
  • can account for a B+ central; Y- surround double opponent cell
  • can account for a Y+ central; B- surround double opponent cell
  • can account for a B+ central; Y- surround achromatic Type 1 cell
  • can converge to produce an L+M in tandem "yellow" responding cell
  • will produce an L-M antagonistic "red/green" opponent ganglion cell

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What is meant by "constancy"?
Antworten
  • the physical characteristics of objects do not change under different viewing conditions
  • the physical characteristics of objects are only the same under the same viewing conditions
  • an unchanging illuminant
  • an object must be maintained a the same orientation to identify it

Frage 130

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If I am making a judgment of colourations in a complex scene with the brightest area of the scene serving as a reference point, I can make
Antworten
  • brightness judgments that are dependent on intensity only
  • lightness judgments necessary for constancy
  • chroma judgments
  • assess the properties of related colours
  • all but A

Frage 131

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Apperceptive agnosia is:
Antworten
  • the inability to recognize shapes, copy drawings, or identify objects
  • the inability to appreciate music
  • a deficit in language production
  • an inability to see even though the early visual system is fully functional

Frage 132

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If a waveform took 4 seconds to complete a single cycle, the frequency would be _________.
Antworten
  • 4 Hz
  • 0.25 Hz
  • 2 Hz
  • 0.5 Hz

Frage 133

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An equiluminant stimulus that contains only a chromatic boundary (chromatic contrast) will NOT be discerned by
Antworten
  • the parvocellular stream
  • the magnocellular stream
  • both the parvocellular and magocellular streams
  • blobs

Frage 134

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Protanopes lack
Antworten
  • LWS cones
  • cyanolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • chlorolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • y-b channels
  • both a and c

Frage 135

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Form perception takes place in which neural pathway?
Antworten
  • magnocellular
  • koinocellular
  • parvocellular
  • retino-cellula

Frage 136

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Size constancy is highly dependent on being able to:
Antworten
  • use both eyes
  • use a ruler
  • the illuminant
  • the presence of environmental distance cues

Frage 137

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What usually happens when a participant is shown a pattern that can be interpreted in one of two ways (i.e. ambiguous figure), after being shown a pattern that is unambiguously one interpretation or the other?
Antworten
  • The interpretation of the ambiguous figure is always the same
  • The interpretation of the unambiguous pattern depends on bottom-up processing of the ambiguous figure.
  • The interpretation of the ambiguous pattern is different each time it is perceived.
  • The interpretation of the ambiguous pattern depends on which unambiguous interpretation was shown.

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Based on research demonstrating the possibility of perceiving "forbidden colours", what conclusion(s) can be drawn?
Antworten
  • participants are unable to perceive combinations of opponent colours
  • colour opponency in the brain has a softwired stage that can be disabled
  • colour opponency is hardwired in the brain and unmalleable
  • when colours are presented in side-by-side fields of unequal luminance, combinations of opponent colours can be perceived
  • both b and d

Frage 139

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A rabbit sees a predator running towards him from the side, and hops out of the way. His ability to judge the trajectory of the predator is based on
Antworten
  • binocular disparity
  • monocular cues
  • texture interactions
  • elevation
  • the massive quantities of Easter eggs held in his basket

Frage 140

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A high-quality narrow-band "yellow" filter (which only passes light in the range from 580 to 590 nm) looks identical to a broad-band "yellow" cellophane filter (which passes all lights longer than 500 nm) when they are each held in front of a white screen. A "blue" filter that only passes lights shorter than 500 nm is placed in front of a light source shining on the white screen (so that only "blue" light strikes the screen). You hold the "yellow" filters in front of your eyes (one at a time) and observe the "blue" screen; the screen now appears
Antworten
  • "green" through either filter
  • "white" through either filter
  • "green" through the narrow-band filter, "white" through the broad-band filter
  • "green through the bread-band filter, "black" through the narrow-band filter.
  • "black" through the broad-band filter because of context, "green'"through the narrow filter

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The ability to prime one version of an ambiguous picture (for example the duck/rabbit picture shown in class) is referred to as:
Antworten
  • perceptual set
  • priming
  • both a and b
  • non of the above

Frage 142

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The idea of simultaneous contrast was proposed by Wallach and suggests that:
Antworten
  • we process the overall contrast of the entire visual scene all at the same time
  • we compare the amount of light reflected by objects with the amount of light reflected by adjacent regions in the visual field
  • we process contrast based only on the nature of the illuminant
  • Retinex theory is wrong

Frage 143

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The McCullough after-effect demonstrates
Antworten
  • a short-lived complimentary colour afterimage
  • a long-lived contingent colour aftereffect that is orientation dependent
  • a short-lived, complimentary colour aftereffect that is orientation independent
  • the importance of visual and auditory cues to establish proper perceptions of mouth and phonetic sounds
  • combined orientation selectivity of the visual system with tonotopic organization of the auditory system

Frage 144

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What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up processing?
Antworten
  • Top-down processing is dependent upon the properties of the stimulus presented; bottom-up processing is the influence of higher cognitive factors on information processing
  • Top-down processing is the influence of higher cognitive factors on information processing; bottom-up processing is dependent upon the properties of the stimulus presented
  • Top-down processing is fast; bottom-up processing is slow
  • Top-down processing is always done in parallel; bottom-up processing is always serial

Frage 145

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By considering each primary amount as a proportion of the total energy
Antworten
  • you can develop a colour space with a unit plane that represents luminance
  • you can eliminate negative primary amounts in a metameric colour match
  • you can normalize all amounts to a known standard "white" reference light
  • you can collapse one of the three primary axes to covert into a 2-dimensional matching space

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Burr (1987) explored the way in which the apparent brightness of bar centres changed at higher contrast, and concluded that the following two systems operate
Antworten
  • the magnocellular system operates best at high contrast, while the parvocellular system operates best at contrast less than 10%
  • at low contrast brightness is matched, at high contrast here is a contrast dependent system
  • at low contrasts there is a contrast-dependent system, and at high contrast, brightness is matched
  • none of the above

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In Marr's Computational Algorithm of vision, a zero-crossing is:
Antworten
  • a spatial change in intensity in an image
  • characterized by the second derivative of sudden changes in intensity
  • the basis for the raw primal sketch
  • all of the above

Frage 148

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In the class demonstration on depth, while you looked at the yellow box on the screen your finger appeared coupled. This is due to
Antworten
  • crossed diplopia
  • uncrossed diplopia
  • fused, crossed disparity
  • fused, uncrossed disparity

Frage 149

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The tympanic membrane
Antworten
  • funnels sound toward the malleus
  • is at the end of the external auditory canal
  • is where sound waves are transducer into a neural signal
  • is the interior boundary of the inner ear
  • is where you get 20x amplification necessary t push the stapes into the oval window

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Auditory cortical evoked responses can be used to analyze neural activity at various regions along the central auditory pathway. The late cortical responses known as P1/N1 can be used as a measure of:
Antworten
  • the early neural synchrony of the brainstem
  • auditory cortical maturity
  • a comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral auditory pathways
  • all of the above

Frage 151

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In the Forbidden Colours assigned reading, why was it important for the researchers to track participant eye positions and use mirrors?
Antworten
  • So that participants could remain aware of their focal point
  • to keep the colour field stabilized, and thus frozen in place on the participant's retina
  • to keep track of which part of the colour field the participant was looking at during the experiment
  • all of the above were important reasons
  • The researchers did not use mirrors

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What would be the advantage of a rabbit having its eyes on the sides of its head as opposed to having both eyes face forward?
Antworten
  • It would give the rabbit better size constancy
  • It would give the rabbit better depth perception
  • It would give the rabbit a wider field of vision
  • It would give the rabbit better colour perception

Frage 153

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Why is it important to use two colour fields of equal luminance when trying to see forbidden hues?
Antworten
  • Merged fields of unequal luminance would appear desaturated
  • This protocol minimizes 'flickering'
  • This protocol enhances contrast sensitivity
  • None of the above, the fields should have difference luminance levels

Frage 154

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The main problem with Gestalt psychology is that
Antworten
  • it does not account for many perceptual phenomena
  • they are not really laws, but more like heuristics
  • it is inconsistent with the step-wise approach of visual neural systems
  • all of the above

Frage 155

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When moving towards an object while fixating on it, objects that are in the periphery will
Antworten
  • undergo greater displacement if they are closer to the fixation point
  • undergo less displacement if they are further away from the fixation point
  • undergo greater disparity if they are further from the fixation point
  • none of the above

Frage 156

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The nodal point is
Antworten
  • found just behind the cornea and is the source for all corneal reflections
  • critical for shape constancy
  • a hypothetical focal plane that represents a thin lens power equivalent for the eye
  • the actual power position of a thick lens system that ensures proper retinal focus

Frage 157

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By definition, one sone is equal to
Antworten
  • the loudness sensation produced by a 4000 Hz tone at 10 dB SPL.
  • the frequency sensation produced by a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.
  • the frequency sensation produced by a 4000 Hz tone at 10 dB SPL.
  • the loudness sensation produced by a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.

Frage 158

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The way to have an additive mixture of colours using paints is to
Antworten
  • make sure the coloured areas are very small to achieve assimilation
  • have all coloured areas very large to achieve chromatic induction
  • use only desaturated colours to simulate light from the sun
  • superimpose narrow-band interference filters to get such mixed colour effects as 'green'

Frage 159

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When switching between two colours very rapidly produces the least impression of "flickering" to a participant, those two colours are likely to be
Antworten
  • opponents
  • more different in contrast
  • on opposite ends of the wavelength spectrum
  • equiluminant
  • more different in saturation

Frage 160

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The critical component to understanding speech is
Antworten
  • The cochlear spectral analysis of the frequencies contained in a speech sample
  • The temporal envelope of a speech sample
  • The fine frequency details contained in a speech sample
  • all of the above

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Consider the two images (real bunny and ambiguous bunny/duck) below. If I first show you image A, you will be more likely to see a bunny than a duck in the ambiguous figure in image B. Why?
Antworten
  • Context
  • Prior learning & experience
  • Top-down processing
  • All of the above

Frage 162

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What do the authors of the Forbidden Colours reading mean when they refer to "reddish-green"?
Antworten
  • A muddy brown that might result from mixing red and green paints
  • The yellow that comes from combining red and green light
  • A single colour that looks both reddish and greenish at the same time, in the same place
  • The texture of a pointillist's field of equal numbers of red and green dots

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The effect that a complex wave produces on the basilar membrane is that
Antworten
  • all of the harmonics produce their peak undulations at progressively increasing distances from each other
  • the fundamental frequency is represented towards the base, with each successive harmonic being represented towards the apex
  • the fundamental frequency is represented towards the apex, with each successive harmonic being represented towards the base
  • all of the harmonics produce their peak undulations at the fundamental frequency

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In the Retinex theory, lightness is
Antworten
  • built up from the ratios of luminances at various borders
  • built up exclusively from the mean luminance of the image
  • the same as brightness enhancement
  • defined as reflectance
  • the same as brightness

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Studies that examine perceptual breakdowns involving forbidden colours and biased geometric hallucinations are important because...
Antworten
  • they provide a window into the phenomenon of visual opponency
  • they provide insight into acquired injuries that cause achromatopsia
  • they might lead to the development of tests for macular degeneration
  • all of the above

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In the colour circle, colours that are more saturated are
Antworten
  • low on the vertical axis of the circle
  • on the periphery of the circle
  • high on the vertical axis of the circle
  • in the centre of the circle

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The Weber constant for sound intensity discrimination is
Antworten
  • constant across a broad range of intensities
  • lower at high intensities and gradually declines as intensity increases
  • higher at low intensities and gradually declines as intensity increases
  • none of the above

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Upon discovering a bug in an ear canal, a hearing health care clinical should
Antworten
  • spray the ear with disinfectant
  • calmly reassure the patient and remove the bug if possible
  • calmly leave the room and call a physician
  • cry out in alarm and quickly leave the room

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What is the effect on perception when a shaw cast on paper is outlined with a pencil?
Antworten
  • The shadow appears lighter because the pencil line is dark by comparison
  • There is no effect on perceived lightness because the pencil line is a very minor part of the pattern on the retina
  • The shadow appears darker
  • Simultaneous contrast dictates that the shadow would appear lighter
  • None of the above

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Characterizing the intensity of a stimulus in isolation is referred to as
Antworten
  • saturation estimation
  • brightness
  • chroma
  • related hue compliments

Frage 171

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Although the physical spectrum of a particular stimulus will produce a distinct hue
Antworten
  • a specific hue is always associated with a unique physical spectrum
  • a small number of different spectra will produce the same hue
  • a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum
  • none of the above

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Chroma can be influenced by
Antworten
  • saturation
  • wavelength
  • brightness
  • lightness
  • all of the above

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Normal cochlear function and abnormal neural patterns in the auditory brainstem can be detected in infants using otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response tests. This condition is known as:
Antworten
  • Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
  • Auditory dyssynchrony
  • Auditory pattern disorder
  • Both a and b

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Connexin 26 is a genetic inheritance that causes hearing loss in children. Cx26 is expressed in the stria vascular and acts by:
Antworten
  • affecting the recycling of calcium, thereby causing inner hair cell death
  • altering potassium homeostasis, thereby affecting the electrochemical potential generation
  • depleting the gap junction at the spatial ganglion, preventing action potential of the cochlea
  • increasing outer hair cell response, which generates large otoacoustic emissions

Frage 175

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The rate at which the _____ opens and closes is primarily responsible for the fundamental frequency of the voice signals
Antworten
  • lips
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • glottis

Frage 176

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The fact that there is some 'redness' in the appearance of short-wavelength 'violet' light points to the fact that
Antworten
  • there is some S-cone contribution to the r-g channel
  • there is some S-cone contributions to M+L 'yellow' side of the y-b channel
  • opponency doesn't really work
  • there is temporal sluggishness to the chromatic opponent channels
  • S cones are really manifestations of later evolved rods

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A narrow psychological tuning curve means that
Antworten
  • the internal filter has a high degree of intensity selectivity
  • the internal filter has a high degree of frequency selectivity
  • the internal filter has a low degree of intensity selectivity
  • the internal filter has a low degree of frequency selectivity

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Which of the following colour phenomena is best explained by the trichromatic theory?
Antworten
  • metametic matches
  • afterimages
  • colour mixing of red and green
  • yellow as a primary

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Studies using cortical imaging have suggested that the auditory cortex will become involved in with visual stimuli when:
Antworten
  • the auditory system is not stimulated appropriately at an early age
  • auditory and visual stimuli are coordinated in the McGurk Effect
  • cochlear implants are used
  • the auditory cortex is involved in auditory localization activity

Frage 180

Frage
In order to make a proper assessment of colour constancy for a given object, regardless of radical changes in the colour signal entering the eye, one must assume
Antworten
  • proportional changes in the surface reflectance properties for different wavelenghts
  • there are changes in the cone spectral sensitivities in the eye based on "cone" counts
  • there are changes in the illuminant emitting different photons falling on the objects surface
  • there is illuminant invariance

Frage 181

Frage
The equal loudness contour shows that
Antworten
  • progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become high
  • progressively lower intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness as frequencies move toward the extreme ends of the spectrum
  • progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become high or low
  • progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become low

Frage 182

Frage
What is meant by "constancy"?
Antworten
  • the physical characteristics of objects do not change under different viewing conditions
  • the physical characteristics of objects are only the same under the same viewing conditions
  • an unchanging illuminant
  • an object must be maintained at the same orientation to identify it

Frage 183

Frage
In an "unstructured filled" when there is no structure or form to give cues to size or distance of objects
Antworten
  • objects are easily identifies as the same size despite subtending different visual angles
  • subjects are more likely to obey the law of constant visual angle
  • two identical objects may appear to differ in size when arranged at two different distances
  • a and b
  • b and c

Frage 184

Frage
Early studies of the acoustic cues that are important in deciphering the speech signal revealed that
Antworten
  • we need higher frequencies to identify vowel sounds and lower frequencies to identify consonants
  • we need more detailed frequency information to understand most speech sounds
  • our auditory system is capable of understanding many speech sounds with only a limited amount of frequency information
  • None of the above.

Frage 185

Frage
Rarefaction occurs when
Antworten
  • air pressure decreases
  • air molecules move away from each other
  • air molecules compress
  • air pressure increases

Frage 186

Frage
Tempo refers to
Antworten
  • the perceptual organization of a melodic sequence based on temporal grouping of musical tones
  • a sequence of musical tones that forms a succession of pitches in musical time
  • the pattern of pitch changes as a function of time
  • the perceived speed of presentation of musical notes in a melodic sequence

Frage 187

Frage
According to colour contrast, colours look more vivid when they're surrounded by...
Antworten
  • "black"
  • "grey"
  • "white"
  • their complimentary colour

Frage 188

Frage
When a complex tone that is made up of an orderly set of harmonic components is listened to, the listener perceives
Antworten
  • a single tone that corresponds to the average frequency of all the tones
  • a single tone that corresponds to the fundamental frequency
  • the individual tones in harmony
  • white noise

Frage 189

Frage
The reason that sunlight appears white is because
Antworten
  • subtractive colour mixing predicts that sunlight is white.
  • all other colours of the spectrum are absorbed by surrounding objects
  • white light is the only colour reflected by the sun
  • it is a mixture of all the spectral colours

Frage 190

Frage
Sounds that have a frequency below 20Hz
Antworten
  • are called infrasonic
  • are never perceptible to humans
  • are called ultrasonic
  • none of the above

Frage 191

Frage
Which of the following is NOT an X-linked congenital colour vision defect?
Antworten
  • Protanomalous trichromat
  • Protanopia
  • Deuteranopia
  • Tritanopia
  • Deuteranomalous trichromat

Frage 192

Frage
Deuteranopes lack
Antworten
  • SWS cones
  • cyanolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • chlrorolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • y-b channels
  • both a and b

Frage 193

Frage
Why might the magno system respond both to movement and to the many cues used to judge distance and spatial relations?
Antworten
  • Because the magno system can detect equiluminant parts and organize them into wholes
  • Because the magno system can combine the visual properties of an object in a way that enables it to perceive the image as a whole, thereby freeing the parvo system to see details
  • Because the magno system has a higher acuity than the parvo system
  • Because the magno system is also sensitive at detecting an object's borders
  • Because the magno system differentiates the object whole from its surface properties

Frage 194

Frage
According to zone theories that combine trichromacy with opponency, MWS and LWS cone activity can signal for
Antworten
  • both luminance and chromatic r-g channels.
  • both luminance and chromatic y-b channels
  • both r-g and y-b channels.
  • luminance, r-g, and y-b channels.
  • chromatic r-g channels.
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