Compendium 7 - How do we get rid of toxic wastes?

Select Four organs of the urinary system

Select the Three main functions of the kidneys

Describe the location of the Kidneys

The left kidney is located slightly more superior than the right kidney due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body.

The right kidney is located slightly more superior than the left kidney due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body.

Identify the external structural layers of the Kidney:

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, which forms urine. The Four parts of the nephron are:

Describe the three processes necessary for urine formation.

Describe the components that make up the urinary process

Reabsorption from the filtrate is a two-step process. Referring to Figure 9.2, the two steps are: [blank_start](1)[blank_end] Movement of the filtrate into the cells lining the nephron through the apical surface of the cell or the apical membrane. [blank_start](2)[blank_end] Then from these cells into the blood through the basal surface of the cell or basal membrane.

Which one of the following structures is known as the ‘functional unit of the kidney’?

Which one of the following structures is considered to be a part of the nephron?

Which one of the following substances would you expect to find in the filtrate of a healthy individual?

Which one of the following substances would be normally re-absorbed into the kidney tubules?

Which hormone promotes water retention in the body?

What is the name of the muscle found in the wall of the bladder?

What is the name of the reflex that controls urination?

Nephron Diagram: 1. [blank_start]Loop of Henle[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Collecting duct[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Proximal convoluted tubule[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Distal convoluted tubule[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Cortex of kidney[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Medulla of kidney[blank_end] The two parts of the renal corpuscle are: 1. [blank_start]Glomerulus[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Glomerular capsule[blank_end]

What type of nephron is nephron A?

What type of nephron is nephron B?

Juxtamedullary: There are two types of nephrons: Superficial cortical nephrons, which have their glomeruli in the outer cortex. They have shorter loops of Henle, which dip only into the outer medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons, which have their glomeruli near the corticomedullary border.

Creatinine: A chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, which forms urine. The parts of the nephron are: • Renal corpuscle • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) • Loop of Henle • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle, which consists of the [blank_start]glomerulus[blank_end] and [blank_start]Bowman’s capsule[blank_end].

Filtration: Filtration occurs in the [blank_start]renal corpuscle[blank_end], which consists of the [blank_start]glomerulus[blank_end] and [blank_start]Bowman’s capsule[blank_end]. [blank_start]Blood[blank_end] enters the glomerulus, and the fluid and [blank_start]solutes[blank_end] in the blood are pushed through the glomerular [blank_start]capillary wall[blank_end] and enter the Bowman’s capsule, which is the first part of the [blank_start]tubule[blank_end]. This solution is called [blank_start]filtrate[blank_end] and a small amount of it will eventually become [blank_start]urine[blank_end].

Tubular re-absorption: Re-absorption is the return of water and solutes to the blood following filtration. The filtrate flows through the proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules and then to the collecting ducts. As the filtrate moves through the nephron, much of it is reabsorbed from the nephron to the blood stream via processes such as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, symport and osmosis.

Tubular secretion: Tubular secretion is when substances are secreted into the filtrate from the blood. Tubular secretion can be active or passive. A good example of tubular secretion is H+ ions, and this plays an important role in the regulation of the pH of the blood.

Tubular secretion: Tubular secretion is when substances are [blank_start]secreted[blank_end] into the filtrate from the [blank_start]blood[blank_end]. Tubular [blank_start]secretion[blank_end] can be [blank_start]active[blank_end] or passive. A good example of tubular secretion is H+ ions, and this plays an important role in the regulation of the [blank_start]pH[blank_end] of the blood.

Sodium-potassium exchange pump is

Which molecule is moving with Na+ during co-transport (piggy backing)?

Anti Port - Which molecule is moving with Na+?

Anti-port: Is Na+ and Ca2+ moving in the same direction or in opposite directions?

Facilitated diffusion is the mechanism by which glucose moves out of the nephron cell in to the blood

Describe the structure and function of the special carrier molecule

Name two molecules that move across the cell membrane via facilitated diffusion?

Is facilitated diffusion moving the molecule up or down its concentration gradient?

Is facilitated diffusion an active or passive process?

Is glucose moving from the filtrate to the blood, or from the blood to the filtrate?

The glomerular capsule is also known as the Bowman’s capsule

The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus (a bed of capillaries) and the glomerular capsule.

Renal corpuscle The renal corpuscle consists of the [blank_start]glomerulus[blank_end] (a bed of capillaries) and the glomerular [blank_start]capsule[blank_end]. The glomerular capsule is also known as the [blank_start]Bowman’s capsule[blank_end]. Blood enters the [blank_start]renal corpuscle[blank_end] (the first part of the nephron) via the [blank_start]afferent[blank_end] arteriole. When the blood passes through the bed of capillaries in the renal corpuscle, fluid leaves the [blank_start]capillary[blank_end] and becomes [blank_start]filtrate[blank_end]. This is the first stage of [blank_start]urine[blank_end] formation. This filtrate then enters into the glomerular capsule and flows directly into the [blank_start]proximal convoluted tubule[blank_end], where tubular [blank_start]reabsorption[blank_end] begins. Blood that comes in via the afferent arteriole leaves via the efferent arteriole to return to the body’s [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]supply[blank_end]

[blank_start]Fenestrae of capillaries[blank_end] - Holes in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries [blank_start]Basement membrane[blank_end] - Found in between the endothelial cells and the podocytes [blank_start]Filtration slits[blank_end] - Spaces between the podocyte cell processes

Fenestrae of capillaries - Window-like holes in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries

• The nephron higher in the cortex is called a [blank_start]cortical nephron[blank_end]. • The nephron that is lower in the cortex with a long Loop of Henle extending deep into the medulla is a [blank_start]juxtamedullary nephron (juxta = near)[blank_end].

[blank_start]Proximal convoluted tubule[blank_end] : Main area for reabsorption of water (80%) 100% reabsorption of amino acids and sugars [blank_start]Distal convoluted tubule[blank_end] : Controlled secretion of wastes, toxin, excess ions. Alters concentration of urine by varying water reabsorption [blank_start]Loop of Henle[blank_end] : Reabsorbs ions and water.

The distal convoluted tubule is the last segment of the nephron. What is the name of the segment following the distal convoluted tubule?

The bladder is a hollow structure that stores urine. What volume of urine do you think the bladder usually holds?

Carrier molecules are usually proteins bound to a non-protein group

In the cell, examples of molecules that must use facilitated diffusion to move in and out of the cell membrane are glucose, sodium ions, and potassium ions. They pass using carrier proteins through the cell membrane without energy along the concentration gradient.

Facilitated diffusion is a passive process