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There are two main nervous systems, the [blank_start]central and the peripheral[blank_end]. The [blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] nervous system is further divided into the somatic, autonomic, and enteric systems.
The ANS is divided into:
1. [blank_start]Sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system - mobilises the body’s nervous system fight-or-flight response; it is also constantly active at a basal level to maintain homeostasis.
2. [blank_start]Parasympathetic[blank_end] nervous system - regulates organ and gland functions during rest and is considered a slowly activated, dampening system(rest and digest, feed and breed).
Frage 2
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is located in the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata acts to integrate autonomic function after receiving feedback.
Frage 3
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Choose the two correct statements.
Antworten
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The SNS leaves the spine at thoracic and lumbar regions.
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The PNS leaves the spine at thoracic and lumbar regions.
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The SNS leaves the spine at cranial and sacral regions.
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The PNS leaves the spine at cranial and sacral regions.
Frage 4
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Everything done in the nervous system involves 3 fundamental steps:
1. A sensory function detects internal and external [blank_start]stimuli[blank_end]
2. An [blank_start]interpretation[blank_end] is made (analysis)
3. A [blank_start]motor response[blank_end] occurs (reaction)
Three main types of neurons take part in this process:
• [blank_start]Sensory[blank_end] neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system. This makes them [blank_start]afferent[blank_end].
• Interneurons connect various neurons [blank_start]within[blank_end] the brain and spinal cord (entirely within the [blank_start]CNS[blank_end]).
• [blank_start]Motor[blank_end] neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body. This makes them [blank_start]efferent[blank_end].
Antworten
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stimuli
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interpretation
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motor response
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Sensory
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afferent
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within
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CNS
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efferent
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Motor
Frage 5
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An AP has two main phases, depolarizing and repolarizing.
After depolarisation occurs above a [blank_start]threshold[blank_end] potential, an [blank_start]action[blank_end] potential occurs. There is then a [blank_start]refractory[blank_end] period, where the neuron cannot be [blank_start]re-stimulated[blank_end], followed by repolarisation to the [blank_start]resting membrane[blank_end] potential.
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threshold
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action
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refractory
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re-stimulated
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resting membrane
Frage 6
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Signal transmission at the synapse is a one-way transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron, which turns an electric signal into a chemical signal. Labelnof transmission across a synapse from 1 to 6.
[blank_start]5[blank_end]. The neurotransmitter binds to ligand-gated receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
[blank_start]2[blank_end]. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ flows inward to the presynaptic neuron.
[blank_start]4[blank_end]. The neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft.
[blank_start]3[blank_end]. Ca2+ influx triggers release of the neurotransmitter.
[blank_start]1[blank_end]. AP reaches the end bulb of axon terminals.
[blank_start]6[blank_end]. The postsynaptic neuron receives the chemical signal and in
turn generates an electrical signal (postsynaptic potential).
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A neurotransmitter (chemical) can be excitatory, inhibitory, or both(in different locations).
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Many neuronal cell bodies are called a [blank_start]ganglion[blank_end]. Many [blank_start]ganglia[blank_end] form a [blank_start]plexus[blank_end].
Frage 9
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Choose the correct statements.
Antworten
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Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are two-neuron systems.
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Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are one-neuron systems.
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The somatic NS is a one-neuron system.
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The somatic NS is a one two-neuron system.
Frage 10
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In the PNS, the neurotransmitter [blank_start]acetylcholine (ACh)[blank_end] is released at both synapses.
In the SNS, [blank_start]ACh[blank_end] is released at the presynaptic neuron and [blank_start]norepinephrine/epinephrine[blank_end] is released at the postsynaptic neuron.
ACh binds to [blank_start]muscarinic and nicotinic[blank_end] receptors. Norepinephrine/epinephrine binds to [blank_start]adrenergic alpha or beta[blank_end] receptors.
Frage 11
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Chose the correct statement.
Antworten
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Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors are G-protein coupled.
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Muscarinic receptors are ligand gated.
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Nicotinic receptors are G-protein coupled.