AP BIO MIDTERM REVIEW

Question

Darwinʹs mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earthʹs ancient age?

Answer 1

Georges Cuvier

Answer 2

Charles Lyell

Answer 3

Alfred Wallace

Answer 4

Thomas Malthus

Answer 5

John Henslow

Answer 6

that evolution occurs.

Answer 7

a mechanism for how evolution occurs.

Answer 8

that the Earth is older than a few thousand years.

Answer 9

a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.

Answer 10

a way to use artificial selection as a means of domesticating plants and animals.

Answer 11

All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.

Answer 12

The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate.

Answer 13

The population size is large.

Answer 14

The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present.

Answer 15

All species are fixed in the form in which they are created.

Answer 16

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

Answer 17

Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.

Answer 18

The environment is responsible for natural selection.

Answer 19

Earth is more than 10,000 years old.

Answer 20

2 → 4 → 1 → 3

Answer 21

4 → 2 → 1 → 3

Answer 22

4 → 1 → 2 → 3

Answer 23

4 → 2 → 3 → 1

Answer 24

2 → 4 → 3 → 1

Answer 25

One must observe more than one generation of the population.

Answer 26

The population must contain genetic variation.

Answer 27

Members of the population must increase or decrease the use of some portion of their anatomy.

Answer 28

A and C only

Answer 29

A and B only

Answer 30

Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts.

Answer 31

Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks.

Answer 32

Small birds anticipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and, consequently, growing larger beaks.

Answer 33

More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks.

Answer 34

Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive

Answer 35

Genetic variation among individuals

Answer 36

Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors

Answer 37

Sexual reproduction

Answer 38

B and C only

Answer 39

A, B, and C

Answer 40

hypotheses.

Answer 41

Individual members of the population slowly adapt to the presence of the chemical by striving to meet the new challenge.

Answer 42

All insects exposed to the insecticide begin to use a formerly silent gene to make a new enzyme that breaks down the insecticide molecules.

Answer 43

Insects observe the behavior of other insects that survive pesticide application, and adjust their own behaviors to copy those of the survivors.

Answer 44

Offspring of insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off.

Answer 45

Dorsal fin of a shark

Answer 46

Hindlimb of a kangaroo

Answer 47

Wing of a butterfly

Answer 48

Tail fin of a flying fish

Answer 49

Flipper of a cetacean

Answer 50

By identifying the bones as being homologous

Answer 51

By the principle of convergent evolution

Answer 52

By proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor

Answer 53

A and C only

Answer 54

A, B, and C

Answer 55

All organisms require energy.

Answer 56

All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

Answer 57

All organisms reproduce.

Answer 58

All organisms show heritable variation.

Answer 59

All organisms have undergone evolution.

Answer 60

The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects.

Answer 61

The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids.

Answer 62

The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue

Answer 63

Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-sized appendix.

Answer 64

In a million years, the human species might completely lack an appendix.

Answer 65

homologous.

Answer 66

examples of convergent evolution.

Answer 67

adaptations to a common environment.

Answer 68

A and C only

Answer 69

B and C only

Answer 70

Aerodynamics

Answer 71

Biogeography

Answer 72

Physiology

Answer 73

Biochemistry

Answer 74

sexual selection

Answer 75

stabilizing selection

Answer 76

random selection

Answer 77

directional selection

Answer 78

disruptive selection

Answer 79

hydrogen bonds.

Answer 80

nonpolar covalent bonds.

Answer 81

polar covalent bonds.

Answer 82

ionic bonds.

Answer 83

van der Waals interactions.

Answer 84

C and H in methane (CH4).

Answer 85

the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule.

Answer 86

Na+and Cl- in salt.

Answer 87

the two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen gas (H2).

Answer 88

Mg+and Cl- in MgCl2.

Answer 89

hydrophobic interactions

Answer 90

nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 91

ionic bonds

Answer 92

hydrogen bonds

Answer 93

both A and C

Answer 94

Molecular collisions in the drink increase.

Answer 95

Kinetic energy in the drink decreases.

Answer 96

A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink.

Answer 97

The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases.

Answer 98

Evaporation of the water in the drink increases.

Answer 99

ionic bonds

Answer 100

nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 101

polar covalent bonds

Answer 102

hydrogen bonds

Answer 103

covalent bonds

Answer 104

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules.

Answer 105

nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules.

Answer 106

polar substances that repel water molecules.

Answer 107

polar substances that have an affinity for water.

Answer 108

charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules.

Answer 109

6.02 × 10^23 molecules of the substance.

Answer 110

1 g of the substance dissolved in 1 L of solution.

Answer 111

the largest amount of the substance that can be dissolved in 1 L of solution.

Answer 112

the molecular mass of the substance expressed in grams.

Answer 113

A and D only

Answer 114

1 L of 0.5 M NaCl

Answer 115

1 L of 0.5 M glucose

Answer 116

1 L of 1.0 M NaCl

Answer 117

1 L of 1.0 M glucose

Answer 118

C and D will contain equal numbers of particles.

Answer 119

Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of solution is 1 L.

Answer 120

Dissolve 90 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.

Answer 121

Dissolve 180 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.

Answer 122

Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in 1 L of water.

Answer 123

Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water.

Answer 124

6.02 × 10^23

Answer 125

3.01 × 10^23

Answer 126

6.02 × 10^24

Answer 127

12.04 × 10^23

Answer 128

6.02 × 10^22

Answer 129

6.02 × 10^23

Answer 130

3.01 × 10^23

Answer 131

6.02 × 10^24

Answer 132

12.04 × 10^23

Answer 133

6.02 × 10^22

Answer 134

functional groups.

Answer 135

vital forces interacting with matter.

Answer 136

carbon compounds.

Answer 137

water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules.

Answer 138

inorganic compounds.

Answer 139

simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized by living organisms.

Answer 140

a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods.

Answer 141

although a life force, or vitalism, exists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods.

Answer 142

living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products.

Answer 143

living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena.

Answer 144

Stanley Miller

Answer 145

Jakob Berzelius

Answer 146

Friedrich Wohler

Answer 147

Hermann Kolbe

Answer 148

August Kekulé

Answer 149

Stanley Miller

Answer 150

Jakob Berzelius

Answer 151

Friedrich Wohler

Answer 152

Hermann Kolbe

Answer 153

August Kekulé

Answer 154

optical isomers.

Answer 155

enantiomers.

Answer 156

structural isomers.

Answer 157

cis-trans isomers.

Answer 158

chain length isomers.

Answer 159

enantiomers.

Answer 160

radioactive isotopes.

Answer 161

structural isomers.

Answer 162

nonisotopic isomers

Answer 163

geometric isomers

Answer 164

They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.

Answer 165

They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis.

Answer 166

They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide

Answer 167

Only A and C are correct.

Answer 168

A, B, and C are correct.

Answer 169

a cell wall

Answer 170

a plasma membrane.

Answer 171

ribosomes.

Answer 172

an endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 173

nucleic acids

Answer 174

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 175

mitochondrion

Answer 176

contractile vacuole

Answer 177

at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope

Answer 178

the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system

Answer 179

the nuclear envelope is physically separated from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 180

small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear envelope

Answer 181

nuclear pore complexes contain proteins

Answer 182

the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 183

the Golgi apparatus

Answer 184

the lysosome

Answer 185

mitochondria

Answer 186

membrane-bound ribosomes

Answer 187

mitochondrion

Answer 188

Golgi apparatus

Answer 189

peroxisome

Answer 190

mitochondrion

Answer 191

Golgi apparatus

Answer 192

peroxisome

Answer 193

mitochondrion

Answer 194

Golgi apparatus

Answer 195

peroxisome

Answer 196

glyoxysome

Answer 197

mitochondrion

Answer 198

Golgi apparatus

Answer 199

peroxisome

Answer 200

mitochondrion

Answer 201

Golgi apparatus

Answer 202

peroxisome

Answer 203

in the cytoplasm

Answer 204

on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 205

on the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 206

on the inner plasma membrane

Answer 207

on the inner nuclear envelope

Answer 208

chloroplasts

Answer 209

mitochondria

Answer 210

leucoplasts

Answer 211

peroxisomes

Answer 212

Golgi bodies

Answer 213

a bacterium.

Answer 214

an animal, but not a plant.

Answer 215

a plant, but not an animal.

Answer 216

a plant or an animal.

Answer 217

any kind of organism.

Answer 218

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.

Answer 219

They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.

Answer 220

They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane.

Answer 221

They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.

Answer 222

They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane

Answer 223

an amino acid

Answer 224

It is very rapid over long distances.

Answer 225

It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.

Answer 226

It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Answer 227

It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.

Answer 228

It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane.

Answer 229

The sodium ions are moving down their electrochemical gradient while glucose is moving up.

Answer 230

Glucose is entering the cell along its concentration gradient.

Answer 231

Sodium ions can move down their electrochemical gradient through the cotransporter whether or not glucose is present outside the cell.

Answer 232

Potassium ions move across the same gradient as sodium ions.

Answer 233

A substance that blocked sodium ions from binding to the cotransport protein would also block the transport of glucose.

Answer 234

It conducts material upward.

Answer 235

It conducts materials within dead cells.

Answer 236

It transports mainly sugars and amino acids.

Answer 237

It has a lower water potential than soil does.

Answer 238

No energy input from the plant is required for xylem transport.

Answer 239

anchor a plant in the soil

Answer 240

store starches.

Answer 241

increase the surface area for absorption.

Answer 242

provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Answer 243

contain xylem tissue.

Answer 244

establish ATP gradients

Answer 245

acquire minerals from the soil

Answer 246

pressurize xylem transport

Answer 247

eliminate excess electrons

Answer 248

A and D only

Answer 249

the Casparian strip

Answer 250

a guard cell

Answer 251

the root epidermis

Answer 252

the endodermis

Answer 253

the root cortex

Answer 254

active transport of ions into the stele

Answer 255

atmospheric pressure on roots

Answer 256

evaporation of water through stoma

Answer 257

the force of root pressure

Answer 258

osmosis in the root

Answer 259

production of the unusual amino acid canavanine

Answer 260

release of volatile compounds that attract parasitoid wasps

Answer 261

association of plant tissues with mycorrhizae

Answer 262

A and B only

Answer 263

A, B, and C

Answer 264

cells near the point of infection destroying themselves to prevent the spread of the infection

Answer 265

production of chemicals that kill pathogens

Answer 266

acquiring gene-for-gene recognition that allows specific proteins to interact so that the plant can produce defenses against the pathogen

Answer 267

a waxy cuticle that pathogens have trouble penetrating

Answer 268

All of the above are plant defenses against disease.

Answer 269

antisense RNA.

Answer 270

Pfr phytochrome.

Answer 271

salicylic acid.

Answer 272

abscisic acid.

Answer 273

red, but not far-red, light.

Answer 274

the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten.

Answer 275

a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water.

Answer 276

the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C.

Answer 277

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.

Answer 278

the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume.

Answer 279

an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood.

Answer 280

a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Answer 281

uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.

Answer 282

an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone.

Answer 283

a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.

Answer 284

invests little energy in temperature regulation.

Answer 285

has greater insulation on its body surface.

Answer 286

maintains a higher basal metabolic rate.

Answer 287

metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm.

Answer 288

expends more energy per kg of body mass than does the endotherm.

Answer 289

conduction.

Answer 290

evaporation.

Answer 291

radiation.

Answer 292

metabolism.

Answer 293

convection.

Answer 294

sea star, a marine invertebrate.

Answer 295

bluefin tuna, a predatory fish.

Answer 296

terrestrial lizard.

Answer 297

honeybee in a hive.

Answer 298

hummingbird.

Answer 299

is only seen in mammals

Answer 300

is a term equivalent to "cold-blooded."

Answer 301

involves the production of heat through metabolism

Answer 302

is only seen in insects

Answer 303

is a characteristic of most animals

Answer 304

green frog.

Answer 305

bluefin tuna

Answer 306

house sparrow.

Answer 307

gray wolf.

Answer 308

medulla oblongata.

Answer 309

thyroid gland.

Answer 310

hypothalamus.

Answer 311

subcutaneous layer of the skin.

Answer 312

biosynthesis.

Answer 313

enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 314

uric acid.

Answer 315

chemiosmosis.

Answer 316

metabolic heat.

Answer 317

The legs need to be kept cool so that muscles will function well.

Answer 318

The feet need to be kept very warm so they do not freeze in water.

Answer 319

Heat loss is proportional to the difference in temperature inside and outside, so minimizing the difference means the goose will lose less heat.

Answer 320

Arterial blood helps return heat to the core of the goose.

Answer 321

Warm venous blood is necessary to keep the goose's feet from freezing.

Answer 322

the secretion of lysozyme onto their surface

Answer 323

the mucous membranes that cover their surface

Answer 324

the secretion of complement proteins

Answer 325

the release of slightly acidic secretions

Answer 326

interferons produced by immune cells

Answer 327

These proteins are involved in innate immunity and not acquired immunity.

Answer 328

These proteins are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells.

Answer 329

This group of proteins includes interferons and interleukins.

Answer 330

These proteins are one group of antimicrobial proteins acting together in cascade fashion.

Answer 331

These proteins act individually to attack and lyse microbes.

Answer 332

phagocytes: lysozymes

Answer 333

phagocytes: chemokines

Answer 334

dendritic cells: interferons

Answer 335

mast cells: histamines

Answer 336

lymphocytes: interferons

Answer 337

specific forms of viruses.

Answer 338

certain bacterial infections.

Answer 339

the presence of natural killer cells.

Answer 340

a fever of >103°F in adults.

Answer 341

increased production of neutrophils

Answer 342

His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface.

Answer 343

His immune system would not function.

Answer 344

Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur.

Answer 345

His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately.

Answer 346

His B cells would be reduced in number.

Answer 347

a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells.

Answer 348

V gene and J gene segments are rearranged

Answer 349

an antigen can provoke development of very few cells to result in production of high levels of specific antibodies.

Answer 350

HIV can disrupt the immune system.

Answer 351

macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

Answer 352

between 0 and 7 days

Answer 353

between 7 and 14 days

Answer 354

between 28 and 35 days

Answer 355

between 0 and 7 days

Answer 356

between 7 and 14 days

Answer 357

between 28 and 35 days

Answer 358

between 35 and 42 days

Answer 359

both A and C

Answer 360

T cells but not B cells are stimulated to increase the rate of their cell cycles.

Answer 361

Only B cells are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow.

Answer 362

T cells but not B cells can directly attack and destroy invading pathogens.

Answer 363

T cells but not B cells have surface markers.

Answer 364

Only B cells take part in cell-mediated immunity.

Answer 365

recognize specific parasitic pathogens.

Answer 366

distinguish self from nonself.

Answer 367

identify specific bacterial pathogens.

Answer 368

identify specific viruses.

Answer 369

recognize differences among types of cancer.

Answer 370

I → III → II → IV → V

Answer 371

III → II → I → V → IV

Answer 372

II → I → IV → III → V

Answer 373

IV → II → III → I → V

Answer 374

III → IV → II → I → V

Answer 375

plasma cells

Answer 376

helper T cells

Answer 377

natural killer cells

Answer 378

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 379

the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself

Answer 380

the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others

Answer 381

the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines

Answer 382

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

Answer 383

the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens

Answer 384

complement

Answer 385

antibodies

Answer 386

class I MHC molecules

Answer 387

class II MHC molecules

Answer 388

Dendritic cells

Answer 389

respond to T-independent antigens.

Answer 390

lyse tumor cells.

Answer 391

stimulate a cytotoxic T cell.

Answer 392

interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex

Answer 393

interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

Answer 394

injection of vaccine.

Answer 395

ingestion of interferon.

Answer 396

placental transfer of antibodies.

Answer 397

absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes.

Answer 398

injection of antibodies.

Answer 399

mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen

Answer 400

the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells

Answer 401

a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response

Answer 402

a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells

Answer 403

the shuffling of exons for one C region type to another attached to the V-J transcript

Answer 404

Case 1 only

Answer 405

Case 3 only

Answer 406

Cases 1 and 2 only

Answer 407

Cases 1, 2, and 3

Answer 408

It cannot be determined from the data given.

Answer 409

epinephrine

Answer 410

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 411

prostaglandin F and nitric oxide

Answer 412

growth hormone and ecdysone

Answer 413

endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 414

hormones and target cells

Answer 415

neurosecretory cells and neurotransmitters

Answer 416

Item (A) is greater than item (B).

Answer 417

Item (A) is less than item (B).

Answer 418

Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).

Answer 419

Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Answer 420

A and B only

Answer 421

A and C only

Answer 422

It is a saturated fatty acid.

Answer 423

A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.

Answer 424

Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature.

Answer 425

A and B only

Answer 426

A, B and C

Answer 427

It is a saturated fatty acid.

Answer 428

A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis.

Answer 429

Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature

Answer 430

A and B only

Answer 431

A, B and C

Answer 432

starch molecule

Answer 433

protein molecule

Answer 434

steroid molecule

Answer 435

cellulose molecule

Answer 436

phospholipid molecule

Answer 437

1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch

Answer 438

1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose.

Answer 439

double helical structure of a DNA molecule.

Answer 440

α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide.

Answer 441

β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide

Answer 442

DNA → RNA → proteins

Answer 443

RNA → proteins → DNA

Answer 444

proteins → DNA → RNA

Answer 445

RNA → DNA → proteins

Answer 446

DNA → proteins → RNA

Answer 447

impossible to tell from the information given

Answer 448

5ʹTAACGT3ʹ

Answer 449

3ʹTAACGT5ʹ.

Answer 450

5ʹUAACGU3ʹ

Answer 451

3ʹUAACGU5ʹ.

Answer 452

5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ.

Answer 453

a cell that is secreting proteins

Answer 454

a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes

Answer 455

a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix

Answer 456

a cell that is digesting food particles

Answer 457

a cell that is enlarging its vacuole

Answer 458

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 459

mitochondrion

Answer 460

contractile vacuole

Answer 461

Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.

Answer 462

Proteins in in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.

Answer 463

Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.

Answer 464

Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.

Answer 465

All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

Answer 466

plasmodesmata

Answer 467

Golgi vesicles

Answer 468

free cytoplasmic ribosomes

Answer 469

chloroplast

Answer 470

central vacuole

Answer 471

peroxisome

Answer 472

glyoxysome

Answer 473

mitochondrion

Answer 474

Golgi apparatus

Answer 475

peroxisome

Answer 476

mitochondrion

Answer 477

Golgi apparatus

Answer 478

peroxisome

Answer 479

mitochondrion

Answer 480

Golgi apparatus

Answer 481

peroxisome

Answer 482

chloroplasts.

Answer 483

mitochondria.

Answer 484

lysosomes.

Answer 485

a bacterium.

Answer 486

an animal, but not a plant.

Answer 487

a plant, but not an animal.

Answer 488

a plant or an animal

Answer 489

any kind of organism

Answer 490

activation energy.

Answer 491

equilibrium point.

Answer 492

endothermic level.

Answer 493

free-energy content.

Answer 494

endergonic, ∆G > 0

Answer 495

exergonic, ∆G < 0

Answer 496

endergonic, ∆G < 0

Answer 497

exergonic, ∆G > 0

Answer 498

chemical equilibrium, ∆G = 0

Answer 499

The reaction could be coupled to power an endergonic reaction with a ΔG of +6.2 kcal/mol.

Answer 500

The reaction could be coupled to power an exergonic reaction with a ΔG of +8.8 kcal/mol.

Answer 501

The reaction would result in a decrease in entropy (S) and an increase in the total energy content (H) of the system.

Answer 502

The reaction would result in an increase in entropy (S) and a decrease in the total energy content (H) of the system.

Answer 503

The reaction would result in products (C + D) with a greater free-energy content than in the initial reactants (A + B).

Answer 504

involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.

Answer 505

requiresnerve cells to release a neurotransmitter into the synapse

Answer 506

occurs only in paracrine yeast cells.

Answer 507

has been found in plants but not animals.

Answer 508

involves mating factors attaching to target cells and causing production of new paracrine cells.

Answer 509

It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.

Answer 510

It could activate only the epinephrine system.

Answer 511

It would be able to carry out reception and transduction, but would not be able to respond to a signal.

Answer 512

Only A and C are true.

Answer 513

A, B, and C are true.

Answer 514

tyrosine-kinases receptors

Answer 515

ligand-gated ion channel receptors

Answer 516

growth factors

Answer 517

G proteins

Answer 518

cholesterol

Answer 519

Testosterone

Answer 520

Ephinephrine

Answer 521

at the exterior surface

Answer 522

at the cytosol surface

Answer 523

connected with the loop at H5 and H6

Answer 524

between the membrane layers

Answer 525

G protein-coupled receptors

Answer 526

ligand-gated ion channels

Answer 527

steroid receptors

Answer 528

receptor tyrosine kinases

Answer 529

a decrease in levels of cAMP as a result of bypassing the plasma membrane.

Answer 530

lower blood glucose by binding to liver cells.

Answer 531

interactions with insulin inside muscle cells.

Answer 532

interactions directly with glycogen phosphorylase.

Answer 533

elevation of cytosolic concentrations of cyclic AMP.

Answer 534

Cell signaling evolved more recently than systems such as the immune system of vertebrates.

Answer 535

Communicating cells are usually close together.

Answer 536

Most signal receptors are bound to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

Answer 537

Lipid phosphorylation is a major mechanism of signal transduction.

Answer 538

In response to a signal, the cell may alter activities by changes in cytosol activity or intranscription of RNA.

Answer 539

protein kinase activity

Answer 540

adenylyl cyclase activity

Answer 541

GTPase activity

Answer 542

protein phosphatase activity

Answer 543

phosphorylase activity

Answer 544

protein kinase

Answer 545

protein phosphatase

Answer 546

phosphodiesterase

Answer 547

phosphorylase

Answer 548

design a compound that blocks epinephrine receptor activation.

Answer 549

design a compound that inhibits cAMP production in liver cells.

Answer 550

design a compound that inhibits phosphorylase activity.

Answer 551

design a compound to block G-protein activity in liver cells.

Answer 552

All of the above are possible approaches.

Answer 553

When signal molecules first bind to receptor tyrosine kinases, the receptors phosphorylate anumber of nearby molecules

Answer 554

In response to some G-protein-mediated signals, a special type of lipid molecule associated with the plasma membrane is cleaved to form IP3 and calcium.

Answer 555

In most cases, signal molecules interact with the cell at the plasma membrane and then enter the cell and eventually the nucleus.

Answer 556

Toxins such as those that cause botulism and cholera interfere with the ability of activated G proteins to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, resulting in phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of an appropriate signal molecule.

Answer 557

Protein kinase A activation is one possible result of signal molecules binding to G protein-linked receptors.

Answer 558

hydrolyzed cGMP to GMP.

Answer 559

hydrolyzed GTP to GDP

Answer 560

phosphorylated GDP.

Answer 561

dephosphorylated cGMP.

Answer 562

removed GMP from the cell.

Answer 563

dendritic region.

Answer 564

axon hillock.

Answer 565

cell body.

Answer 566

axon terminals

Answer 567

the depolarization of the neuron

Answer 568

the hyperpolarization of the neuron

Answer 569

the replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions.

Answer 570

the replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions

Answer 571

the neuron switching on its sodium-potassium pump to restore the initial conditions

Answer 572

fully permeable to sodium ions.

Answer 573

slightly permeable to sodium ions

Answer 574

fully permeable to calcium ions.

Answer 575

impermeable to sodium ions

Answer 576

highly permeable to chloride ions.

Answer 577

sodium and potassium ions into the cell.

Answer 578

sodium and potassium ions out of the ce

Answer 579

sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.

Answer 580

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Answer 581

sodium and potassium ions into the mitochondria.

Answer 582

release lots of acetylcholine.

Answer 583

have high permeability to sodium ions.

Answer 584

be equally permeable to sodium and potassium ions.

Answer 585

exhibit a resting potential that is more negative than the "threshold" potential.

Answer 586

have a higher concentration of sodium ions on the inside of the cell than on the outside

Answer 587

is the point of separation from a living to a dead neuron.

Answer 588

is the lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce.

Answer 589

is the minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials.

Answer 590

is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels.

Answer 591

is the peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential.

Answer 592

prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential.

Answer 593

prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential.

Answer 594

prevent graded potentials

Answer 595

increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules.

Answer 596

have most of its effects on the dendritic region of a neuron.

Answer 597

the opening of sodium activation gates.

Answer 598

the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels.

Answer 599

a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions.

Answer 600

a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump

Answer 601

the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels.

Answer 602

the activation of the sodium-potassium "pump."

Answer 603

the inhibition of the sodium-potassium "pump."

Answer 604

the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Answer 605

the closing of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Answer 606

the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Answer 607

active transport.

Answer 608

diffusion.

Answer 609

transcytosis.

Answer 610

exocytosis.

Answer 611

a voltage-gated sodium channel.

Answer 612

a voltage-gated potassium channel.

Answer 613

a ligand-gated sodium channel.

Answer 614

a second-messenger-gated sodium channel.

Answer 615

a chemical that inhibits action potentials.

Answer 616

potassium ions.

Answer 617

sodium ions.

Answer 618

calcium ions.

Answer 619

all neurotransmitter molecules.

Answer 620

its active transport across the presynaptic membrane.

Answer 621

its diffusion across the presynaptic membrane.

Answer 622

its active transport across the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 623

its diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane.

Answer 624

its degradation by a hydrolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 625

temporal summation.

Answer 626

spatial summation.

Answer 627

the refractory state.

Answer 628

an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.

Answer 629

axonal membranes

Answer 630

axon hillocks

Answer 631

dendritic membranes

Answer 632

mitochondrial membranes

Answer 633

presynaptic membranes

Answer 634

respiration

Answer 635

dehydration reactions

Answer 636

hydrolysis

Answer 637

catabolism

Answer 638

the muscle contractions of a person mowing grass

Answer 639

water rushing over Niagara Falls

Answer 640

light flashes emitted by a firefly

Answer 641

a molecule of glucose

Answer 642

the flight of an insect foraging for food

Answer 643

Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food.

Answer 644

Metabolism depends on an organism's adequate hydration.

Answer 645

Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources.

Answer 646

Metabolism is a property of organismal life.

Answer 647

Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.

Answer 648

slightly increasing

Answer 649

greatly increasing

Answer 650

slightly decreasing

Answer 651

greatly decreasing

Answer 652

no net change

Answer 653

a reaction in which the free energy at equilibrium is higher than the energy content at any point away from equilibrium

Answer 654

a chemical reaction in which the entropy change in the reaction is just balanced by an opposite entropy change in the cell's surroundings

Answer 655

an endergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy for that reaction is supplied only by heat from the environment

Answer 656

a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are not being produced or used in any active metabolic pathway

Answer 657

no possibility of having chemical equilibrium in any living cell

Answer 658

+ΔG, +ΔH, +ΔS.

Answer 659

+ΔG, +ΔH, -ΔS.

Answer 660

+ΔG, -ΔH, -ΔS.

Answer 661

-ΔG, +ΔH, +ΔS.

Answer 662

-ΔG, -ΔH, -ΔS

Answer 663

the total kinetic energy of a system

Answer 664

the heat content of a chemical system

Answer 665

the system's entropy

Answer 666

the cell's energy equilibrium

Answer 667

the condition of a cell that is not able to react

Answer 668

Cells are open systems, but a test tube is a closed system.

Answer 669

Cells are less efficient at heat production than nonliving systems.

Answer 670

The hydrolysis of ATP in a cell produces different chemical products than does the reaction in a test tube.

Answer 671

The reaction in cells must be catalyzed by enzymes, but the reaction in a test tube does not need enzymes.

Answer 672

Reactant and product concentrations in the test tube are different from those in the cell.

Answer 673

feedback regulation

Answer 674

bioenergetics

Answer 675

energy coupling

Answer 676

cooperativity

Answer 677

It is used to power yet more cellular work.

Answer 678

It is used to store energy as more ATP.

Answer 679

It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors.

Answer 680

It is lost to the environment.

Answer 681

It is transported to specific organs such as the brain.

Answer 682

The ATP must be powering an inflow of calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR

Answer 683

ATP must be transferring Pi to the SR to enable this to occur.

Answer 684

ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.

Answer 685

The calcium ions must be diffusing back into the SR along the concentration gradient.

Answer 686

The route of calcium ions must be from SR to the cytosol, to the cell's environment.

Answer 687

anabolic pathways

Answer 688

catabolic pathways

Answer 689

fermentation pathways

Answer 690

thermodynamic pathways

Answer 691

bioenergetic pathways

Answer 692

C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced.

Answer 693

O₂ is oxidized and H₂O is reduced.

Answer 694

CO₂ is reduced and O₂ is oxidized

Answer 695

C₆H₁₂O₆ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized.

Answer 696

O₂ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized

Answer 697

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 698

mitochondrial outer membrane

Answer 699

mitochondrial inner membrane

Answer 700

mitochondrial intermembrane space

Answer 701

2 NAD⁺, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

Answer 702

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

Answer 703

2 FADH₂, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP

Answer 704

6 CO₂, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate.

Answer 705

6 CO₂, 30 ATP, and 2 pyruvate

Answer 706

It both splits molecules and assembles molecules

Answer 707

It attaches and detaches phosphate groups.

Answer 708

It uses glucose and generates pyruvate.

Answer 709

It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion.

Answer 710

It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP

Answer 711

acetyl CoA, O₂, and ATP.

Answer 712

acetyl CoA, FADH₂, and CO₂

Answer 713

acetyl CoA, FAD, H₂, and CO₂.

Answer 714

acetyl CoA, NADH, H⁺, and CO₂.

Answer 715

acetyl CoA, NAD⁺, ATP, and CO₂

Answer 716

ubiquinone (Q), cytochromes (Cyt), FMN, Fe•S

Answer 717

cytochromes (Cyt), FMN, ubiquinone, Fe∙S

Answer 718

Fe•S, FMN, cytochromes (Cyt), ubiquinone

Answer 719

FMN, Fe•S, ubiquinone, cytochromes (Cyt)

Answer 720

cytochromes (Cyt), Fe•S, ubiquinone, FMN

Answer 721

stroma of the chloroplast

Answer 722

thylakoid membrane

Answer 723

cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast

Answer 724

interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)

Answer 725

outer membrane of the chloroplast

Answer 726

reducing NADP⁺.

Answer 727

splitting water molecules.

Answer 728

chemiosmosis.

Answer 729

the electron transfer system of photosystem I

Answer 730

the electron transfer system of photosystem II.

Answer 731

Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths.

Answer 732

Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments.

Answer 733

Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light.

Answer 734

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

Answer 735

Aerobic bacteria take up oxygen, which changes the measurement of the rate of photosynthesis.

Answer 736

the splitting of water

Answer 737

the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

Answer 738

the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I

Answer 739

the synthesis of ATP

Answer 740

the reduction of NADP⁺

Answer 741

the stroma to the photosystem II.

Answer 742

the matrix to the stroma.

Answer 743

the stroma to the thylakoid space.

Answer 744

the intermembrane space to the matrix.

Answer 745

ATP synthase toNADP+ reductase.

Answer 746

on the side facing the thylakoid space

Answer 747

on the ATP molecules themselves.

Answer 748

on the pigment molecules of PSI and PSII.

Answer 749

on the stroma side of the membrane.

Answer 750

built into the center of the thylkoid stack (granum).

Answer 751

light reactions alone

Answer 752

the Calvin cycle alone

Answer 753

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

Answer 754

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

Answer 755

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

Answer 756

light reactions alone

Answer 757

the Calvin cycle alone

Answer 758

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

Answer 759

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

Answer 760

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

Answer 761

Formation of a moleculeof glucose would require 9 "turns."

Answer 762

G3P more readily forms sucrose and other disaccharides than it does monosaccharides.

Answer 763

Some plants would not taste sweet to us.

Answer 764

The formation of starch in plants involves assembling many G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements.

Answer 765

G3P is easier for a plant to store.

Answer 766

B and C only

Answer 767

B, C, and D only

Answer 768

B and E only

Answer 769

B, C, D, and E

Answer 770

B, C, D, and E

Answer 771

C, D, and E only

Answer 772

B and C only

Answer 773

B and D only

Answer 774

C and D only

Answer 775

A, B, C, and E

Answer 776

B, C, and E

Answer 777

a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape.

Answer 778

an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.

Answer 779

a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings.

Answer 780

complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area.

Answer 781

an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.

Answer 782

acclimatization.

Answer 783

evaporative cooling

Answer 784

nonshivering thermogenesis.

Answer 785

shivering thermogenesis.

Answer 786

collagenous fibers.

Answer 787

elastin fibers.

Answer 788

reticular fibers.

Answer 789

adipose tissue.

Answer 790

loose connective tissue.

Answer 791

is a characteristic of most animals

Answer 792

involves the production of heat through metabolism

Answer 793

is only seen in insects

Answer 794

is a term equivalent to "cold-blooded"

Answer 795

is only seen in mammals

Answer 796

is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.

Answer 797

is resting and has just completed its first meal of the day.

Answer 798

has recently eaten a sugar-free meal.

Answer 799

has not consumed any water for at least 48 hours.

Answer 800

has just completed 30 minutes of vigorous exercise.

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