1990952
Frage 1
Frage
Modes of obtaining nutrition, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following EXCEPT:
Antworten
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Chemolithoautrophy
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Photolithoautrophy
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Chemoheteroautrophy
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Chemoorganoheterotrophy
Frage 2
Frage
Which of the following forms of oxygen are generally toxic to living organisms?
Antworten
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Superoxide anion
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Hydrogen peroxide
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Hydroxyl radical
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All of the above
Frage 3
Frage
Carrier mediated transport is necessary when:
Antworten
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Diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell
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Movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient
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The level of nutrients in nature is very low
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All of the above
Frage 4
Frage
The size (as determined by the sedimentation factor) of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is:
Antworten
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5S
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16S
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18S
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23S
Frage 5
Frage
Which of these environmental factors influence microbial growth?
Antworten
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pH
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Water potential
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Oxygen
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All of the above
Frage 6
Frage
The signature sequence is used extensively in the:
Antworten
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Phylogenetic probe
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Reclassification of misclassified organisms
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Defining of a specific group within a domain
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All of the above
Frage 7
Frage
With regards to the bacterial genome which statement is the correct one?
Antworten
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Bacterial genome is triploid
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Bacterial genome is mostly haploid
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Bacterial genome is mostly diploid
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Bacterial genome is haploid
Frage 8
Frage
With regards to bacterial plasmids which statement is the correct one?
Antworten
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A plasmid is a regulatory gene
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A plasmid is a short RNA molecule
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A plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule
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A plasmid is a non coding region found in some bacterial genomes
Frage 9
Frage
All viruses:
Antworten
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Have a genome that is a single molecule of nucleic acid
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Are enveloped
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Encode more proteins in their genomes than those contained in the mature virus particle
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Have capsids that are icosahedral in shape
Frage 10
Frage
Poliovirus:
Antworten
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Has a double-stranded DNA genome
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Has a capsid that is composed of 240 copies of a single protein
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Replicates primarily in the upper respiratory tract
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Belongs to the enterovirus genus of the picornavirus family
Frage 11
Frage
Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for cutaneous fungal infections of humans:
Antworten
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Superficial mycoses
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Dermatophytes
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Mycetoma
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Ringworms
Frage 12
Frage
Which of the following is NOT part of the plant disease triangle:
Antworten
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Susceptible host
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Climate change
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Active pathogen
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Suitable environment
Frage 13
Frage
The Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is:
Antworten
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Heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Attenuated live Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Mycobacterium bovis
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Attenuated live Mycobacterium bovis
Frage 14
Frage
Which of the following is a bacterial infection?
Antworten
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Whooping cough
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Polio
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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Malaria
Frage 15
Frage
Pasteur is attributed with which one of the following discoveries?
Antworten
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Was the first to see microorganisms under a microscope
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First to discover and use agar
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That there could be life without air
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The first chemical antibiotics
Frage 16
Frage
The length of a typical E. coli cell is approximately?
Antworten
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20 μm
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2 μm
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200 nm
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20 nm
Frage 17
Frage
With respect to differences between members of the archaeal and bacterial domains/kingdoms, which is the correct statement?
Antworten
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Both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
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Only some Archaea are capable of methanogenesis
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Archaea are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics
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Bacteria have similar RNA polymerase to that of Archaea
Frage 18
Frage
Which statement is correct with respect to the E.coli chromosome?
Antworten
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It is negatively supercoiled
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It is positively supercoiled
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There are typically several origins of replication
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It consists of over 50 million base pairs
Frage 19
Frage
A culture of E. coli is diluted by a factor of 10-6 and, after plating out 100 μl on an agar plate, 93 colonies grew after incubation at 37oC overnight. The original culture therefore contained how many viable E. coli cells per ml?
Antworten
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9.3 x 10(7)
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9.3 x 10(8)
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9.3 x 10(6)
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9.3 x 10(5)
Frage 20
Frage
Bacterial flagella bring about cell motion by which mechanism?
Antworten
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Wave-like movement of the flagellum
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Rotation of the cell
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Rotation of the flagellum in one direction only
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Rotation of the flagellum that is reversible
Frage 21
Frage
In the Earth’s biosphere most fungal biomass and diversity is found:
Antworten
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In the oceans
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In soils
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Under glaciers
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In the atmosphere
Frage 22
Frage
Fungal growth and cell division is NOT normally accompanied by:
Antworten
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Biomass acquisition
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Reduced vitality
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Nucleic-acid replication
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Enhanced ability to compete with other microbial species
Frage 23
Frage
One factor that is NOT used to prevent or reduce fungal spoilage of processed foods is:
Antworten
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Addition of benzene
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Low water-activity
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Refrigeration
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Heat-sterilization
Frage 24
Frage
Saprophytic activity is essential for the health of the biosphere because:
Antworten
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It facilitates nutrient cycling and waste degradation
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It kills host organisms and thereby averts overpopulation
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It facilitates species evolution via endosymbiosis
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It involves mineralization of inorganic rocks in the lithosphere
Frage 25
Frage
The cardinal temperatures are the:
Antworten
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Minimum temperatures
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Optimum temperatures
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Maximum temperatures
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Minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures taken together
Frage 26
Frage
Carl Woese of the University of Illinois and his collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?
Antworten
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Microscopic examination of the staining characteristics of the cell wall
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Metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas
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Ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive extreme temperatures
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Molecular characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences
Frage 27
Frage
Which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?
Antworten
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Extreme halophiles
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Extreme thermophiles
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Methanogens
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules
Frage 28
Frage
Photoautotophs use:
Antworten
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Light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
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Light as an energy and methane as a carbon source
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CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source
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All of the above
Frage 29
Frage
Addition of blood to a culture medium only allows the haemolytic bacteria that grow on the plate to be picked out. This is an example of a:
Antworten
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Selective medium
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Differential medium
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Complex medium
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Synthetic medium
Frage 30
Frage
A microbe growing in a functioning refrigerator is probably a:
Antworten
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Psychrophile
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Mesophile
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Thermophile
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Hyperthermophile
Frage 31
Frage
Which one of the following sentences correctly describes the science of Metagenomics?
Antworten
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Metagenomics is a genome- level study of the whole microbial community
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Metagenomics is a genomics of industrially and medically important bacteria
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Metagenomics is a study of genes’ expression
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Metagenomics is a comparative analysis of the sequenced microbial genomes
Frage 32
Frage
Genetic recombination is a:
Antworten
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Change of DNA structure caused by radiation
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Amplification of DNA molecules followed by cell division
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Physical exchange between DNA molecules
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Process resulting in protein synthesis
Frage 33
Frage
All viruses:
Antworten
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Enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Replicate their genomes in the nucleus of the cell
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Replicate their genomes in the cytoplasm of the cell
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Surround their progeny genomes with capsid proteins inside infected cells
Frage 34
Frage
Tobacco mosaic virus has:
Antworten
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An icosahedral capsid
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A helical capsid
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Multiple copies of each of four proteins making up the capsid
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Multiple copies of two proteins making up the capsid
Frage 35
Frage
Anthrophilic dermatophytes (fungi causing cutaneous infections of humans) are primarily associated with:
Antworten
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Soil
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Animals
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Plants
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Humans
Frage 36
Frage
Secondary symptoms of infections of plants by pathogens:
Antworten
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Occur at some distance from the point of infection
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Normally occur close to the site of active infection
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Are an ideal place to isolate the causal organism
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Never occur at the same time as primary symptoms
Frage 37
Frage
Which one of the following infectious diseases has been eradicated from the human population?
Antworten
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Plague
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Leprosy
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Small pox
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Polio
Frage 38
Frage
Which of the following is a host component important in specific immune recognition of extracellular microbes?
Antworten
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Antigen
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Antibody
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Phagocyte
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Lipopolysaccharide
Frage 39
Frage
With regard to the differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells which statement is the CORRECT one?
Antworten
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Bacterial cells do not contain mitochondria
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Bacterial cells are always larger than eukaryote cells
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Bacteria do not contain a chromosome
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Eukaryotic cells are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics
Frage 40
Frage
Koch’s postulates most CORRECTLY relate to which one of the following statements?
Antworten
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The isolation of a bacterium in culture from an infection alone indicates that it caused the disease
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Isolation and cultivation of a microorganism from a diseased animal, then inoculation into another healthy animal to cause the same disease, followed by re-isolation of the same microorganism, indicates that it is the cause of the disease
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The observation of virus particles in tissue from a human with disease indicates that it has caused the disease
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Inoculation of a bacterium into an animal and observation of disease alone indicates that it is the cause of the disease observed
Frage 41
Frage
Which statement is CORRECT with respect to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?
Antworten
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LPS is found in Gram positive cells
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LPS is found in Gram negative cells in the cytoplasmic membrane
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LPS is found in the outer-membrane of Gram negative cells.
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LPS is found inside all bacterial cells
Frage 42
Frage
A culture of E. coli is diluted by a factor of 10-6 and, after plating out 100 μl on an agar plate, 57 colonies grew after incubation at 37oC overnight. The original culture therefore contained how many viable E. coli cells per ml?
Antworten
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5.7 x 10(7)
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5.7 x 10(8)
-
5.7 x 10(6)
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5.7 x 10(5)
Frage 43
Frage
With respect to differences between members of the archaeal and bacterial domains/kingdoms, which is the CORRECT statement?
Antworten
-
With respect to differences between members of the archaeal and bacterial domains/kingdoms, which is the CORRECT statement?
-
Only some Archaea are capable of methanogenesis
-
Archaea are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics
-
Bacteria have similar RNA polymerase to that of Archaea
Frage 44
Frage
Which statement is CORRECT with respect to peptidoglycan?
Antworten
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There are multiple molecules of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
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Only Gram positive cells possess peptidoglycan
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There is only a single molecule of peptidoglycan in a bacterial cell wall
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Peptidoglycan is only found in Gram negative cell walls
Frage 45
Frage
The primary reason that health professionals recommend that new-born babies are not washed is:
Antworten
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So that they can be inoculated with symbiotic yeast species
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To avoid imbalances in the microbial ecology of indigenous flora
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To avoid accidental contamination with fungal spores
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So that clinical microbiologists can study the impact on the current generation
Frage 46
Frage
Post-genomic techniques include:
Antworten
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Proteomics
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Use of restriction enzymes
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Gene sequencing
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Studies of signal-transduction pathways
Frage 47
Frage
Systems biology approaches to the study of fungal cells do NOT necessarily involve:
Antworten
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Generation of data from biological experiments
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Mathematical quantification of changes in cell components
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Creation of a model of the cellular system in silico
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Creation of a conceptual model based on philosophical techniques
Frage 48
Frage
Which of these statements is untrue?
Antworten
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Some species of yeasts are highly tolerant to ethanol stress
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Some species of fungi are extremely xerophilic
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Many fungi are more tolerant to water stress than any bacterial species
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Fungi can grow over the entire pH range from 0 to 14
Frage 49
Frage
An extremophilic microbe is one which:
Antworten
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Can survive dry conditions
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Can grow only when there is a mixture of stress parameters (e.g. high temperatures and low pH)
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Can grow optimally under extreme conditions
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Becomes dormant under extreme conditions
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