Frage 1
Frage
What is the monomer unit of actin microfilaments?
Antworten
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G-actin
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F-actin
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M-actin
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Actin 1
Frage 2
Frage
What facilitates the polymerisation of G-actin to F-actin?
Frage 3
Frage
In what orientation are actin monomers composed in f-actin?
Antworten
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Head to tail
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Head to head
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Tail to tail
Frage 4
Frage
Actin microfilaments are described as polar whereby monomers will be added to one end at a faster rate than the other
Frage 5
Frage
What are the functions of the actin microfilaments? Check all that apply
Antworten
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Muscle contraction
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Mechanical support e.g. in microvilli
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Maintenance of cell shape
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Cell movement
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Movement of cargo within cell
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Cilia formation
Frage 6
Frage
Non-muscle cells can contain actin and myosin networks. The interactions between filaments in these networks facilitates process within cells such as cytokinesis.
Frage 7
Frage
Lamellipodia are extensions of the cytoplasm containing [blank_start]actin[blank_end] networks. They are generated by the rapid growth of actin filaments at the pole closest to the [blank_start]membrane[blank_end]. This produces [blank_start]force[blank_end] which causes the cytoplasm to protrude outwards. The tip of each lamellipodium interacts with the ECM via [blank_start]integrin[blank_end] protein. [blank_start]Myosin[blank_end] filaments within the cell faciliate contraction that aids movement.
Antworten
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actin
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membrane
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force
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integrin
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Myosin
Frage 8
Frage
The structure of intermediate filaments is dynamic.
Frage 9
Frage
Intermediate filament monomers join in pairs to form helical [blank_start]dimers[blank_end] twisted around one another. Then, two dimers combine to form a [blank_start]tetramer[blank_end]. Tetramers then link in a [blank_start]staggered[blank_end] formation longitudinally to form a bundle of monomers forming the filament.
Antworten
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dimers
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tetramer
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staggered
Frage 10
Frage
Tubulin monomers are heterodimers of a-tubulin and B-tubulin
Frage 11
Frage
What facilitates the depolymerisation of microtubules to tubulin monomers?
Antworten
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GTP hydrolysis
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ATP hydrolysis
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Phosphorylation
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Methylation
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Tubulin hydrolase
Frage 12
Frage
Microtubules are dynamic structures whereby the positive end refers to where construction occurs more rapidly than destruction
Frage 13
Frage
What are the functions of the microtubules? Check all that apply
Frage 14
Frage
What is a microtubule organisation centre (MTOC)?
Antworten
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A structure from which microtubules extend
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A protein which organises microtubule polymerisation
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A protein which gathers protofilaments at their centres to bundle them into microtubules
Frage 15
Frage
The centrosome is a type of Microtubule Organisation Centre. A centrosome contains a pair of [blank_start]centrioles[blank_end]. A centriole consists of stable fused [blank_start]microtubules[blank_end]. Centrosomes form at the [blank_start]poles[blank_end] of cells. [blank_start]Aster[blank_end] microtubules attach the centrosome to the [blank_start]cell membrane[blank_end].
Antworten
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centrioles
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microtubules
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poles
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Aster
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cell membrane
Frage 16
Frage
What is the name given to the protein that develops around the centromere of each chromosome to which spindle fibres attach?
Antworten
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Kinetochore
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Kinetosome
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Kinetoprotein
Frage 17
Frage
Which protein associated with microtubules moves towards the positive end of the microtubule at the cell periphery?
Frage 18
Frage
Which protein associated with microtubules moves towards the negative end of the microtubule at the nucleus?
Frage 19
Frage
When proteins move cargo throughout the cell, they do so via the [blank_start]microtubules[blank_end] of the cytoskeleton. These proteins are composed of double [blank_start]helices[blank_end] which allow roation. Each 'head' can attach to the microtubule when bound to [blank_start]ATP[blank_end]. When ATP is hydrolysed, there is a [blank_start]power stroke[blank_end] where the angle of the head changes and the cargo moves along the microtubule. Then, the second head binds and the process repeats.
Antworten
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microtubules
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helices
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ATP
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power stroke
Frage 20
Frage
What is the structure of a cilium?
Antworten
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Ring of 9 microtubule doublets with a single microtubule doublet in the centre
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Ring of 8 microtubule doublets with 2 microtubule doublets in the centre
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Ring of 9 microtubule doublets
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Ring of 9 microtubule triplets
Frage 21
Frage
What is the name given to the structure of the MTOC found near the cell membrane that provides a template for cilia assembly?
Antworten
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Basal body
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Basal centromere
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Kinetic body
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Kinetochore
Frage 22
Frage
All cells have a single primary cilium. This cilium is not [blank_start]motile[blank_end] and is thought to [blank_start]conduct[blank_end] cell signalling pathways. It must be [blank_start]disassembled[blank_end] before mitosis can occur.
Antworten
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motile
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conduct
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disassembled
Frage 23
Frage
Which cell junctions form junctions between cells connected to the cytoskeleton?
Antworten
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Desmosomes
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Gap junctions
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Hemidesmosomes
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Focal adhesions
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Tight junctions