The Kidneys and Posterior Abdominal Wall

Drag and drop the correct labels to describe the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the origin, insertion and innervation of the QUADRATUS LUMBORUM muscle. ORIGIN: [blank_start]iliac crest[blank_end] INSERTION: transverse processes of [blank_start]L1-L4[blank_end] and inferior border of the [blank_start]12th[blank_end] rib INNERVATION: anterior rami of [blank_start]T12-L4[blank_end]

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the origin, insertion and innervation of the PSOAS MAJOR muscle. ORIGIN: transverse processes and [blank_start]vertebral bodies[blank_end] of [blank_start]T12-L5[blank_end] INSERTION: [blank_start]lesser trochanter[blank_end] of the femur INNERVATION: anterior rami of [blank_start]L1-L3[blank_end]

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the origin, insertion and innervation of the PSOAS MINOR muscle. ORIGIN: [blank_start]vertebral bodies[blank_end] of T12 and L1 INSERTION: [blank_start]pectineal line[blank_end] of the [blank_start]pubis[blank_end] INNERVATION: anterior ramus of [blank_start]L1[blank_end]

Drag and drop the correct muscles to describe the origin, insertion and innervation of the ILIACUS muscle. ORIGIN: iliac [blank_start]fossa[blank_end] and [blank_start]anterior inferior iliac spine[blank_end] INSERTION: [blank_start]lesser trochanter[blank_end] of the femur INNERVATION: femoral nerve [blank_start](L2-L4)[blank_end]

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to be responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column as well as fixture of the 12th rib during inspiration?

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to be responsible for flexion of the thigh at the hip as well as lateral flexion of the vertebral column?

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to be responsible only for flexion of the vertebral column (when it is present, that is)?

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to only be responsible for flexion of the thigh at the hip joint?

The psoas major muscle of the posterior abdominal wall runs deep to the inguinal ligament to insert at the lesser trochanter of the femur.

Why can infection in the psoas sheath surrounding the psoas major muscle give the appearance of an inguinal hernia?

What is the fascia of the posterior abdominal wall continuous with?

How many layers of the thoracolumbar fascia, occurring in the posterior abdominal wall, are there?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the thoracolumbar fascia in its layers in this transverse section.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal.

Where does the centre of the hilum of the right kidney lie?

Where does the centre of the hilum of the left kidney lie?

The superior poles of both kidneys reach the 11th rib.

Why is the right kidney positioned lower in the abdomen than the left kidney?

Which of the following will be anterior relations of the RIGHT kidney?

Which of the following will be anterior relations of the LEFT kidney?

Which of the following MUSCLES will be posterior relations of both kidneys

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the layers of fat and fascia surrounding the kidney.

Which of these occurs between the renal capsule and renal fascia?

Which of these occurs outside of the renal fascia?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the layers of fat and fascia around the kidney.

Drag and drop the correct labels to describe the internal anatomy of the kidney.

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the course of drainage of urine from the kidney. 1. The [blank_start]papillae[blank_end] of the [blank_start]renal pyramids[blank_end] contain the ends of the [blank_start]collecting ducts[blank_end]. 2. These open up into [blank_start]minor calyces[blank_end] which merge to form [blank_start]major calyces[blank_end]. 3. These merge to form the [blank_start]renal pelvis[blank_end]. 4. This leaves the hilum [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] to the blood vessels and becomes the [blank_start]ureter[blank_end].

Which tissue of the kidney forms the renal pyramids?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the structure of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.

Where do the renal arteries branch off the aorta?

The kidney develops embryologically as 5 lobes, each with its own artery. Later these lobes merge but the 5 arteries remain as branches of the renal arteries.

Do the interlobular arteries of the kidney anastamose with one another?

The right renal artery crosses the vena cava posteriorly.

Which is true of the renal artery once it enters the renal hilum?

Which of the segmental arteries of the kidney will arise from the anterior division of the renal artery?

Which of the following segmental arteries will the posterior divison of the renal artery continue as?

Which arteries of the kidney are found either side of each renal pyramid?

Which of the following arise from the interlobar arteries?

Which is true of the interlobular arteries of the kidney?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the arterial supply to the kidney.

Which renal vein, which drains the kidney directly into the inferior vena cava, is longer?

Lymph from the kidneys drains into the para-aortic lymph nodes. Where are these found?

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys?

The renal plexus occurs around the renal arteries. Where do its sympathetic fibres arise from?

The kidneys are mostly regulated by hormones, not nervous innervation.

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the arterial supply of the ureters as they descend in the abdomen.

Where do the ureters cross the pelvic inlet to enter the pelvic cavity?

What also occurs when the ureters cross the pelvic inlet and enter the pelvis?

At what level do the ureters turn anteromedially to move in a transverse plane towards the bladder?

The ureters run posteriorly to the ovarian, uterine and superior vesical arteries.

What do the ureters pass behind in males?

Which spinal roots supply the ureters, causing pain from the ureters to be referred to the corresponding dermatomes?

At what level does the ovarian artery cross over the ureters?

The ureters are retroperitoneal.

The suprarenal glands are intraperitoneal.

Which suprarenal gland is pyramidal in shape whereas the other is semi-lunar?

In which of the following are the suprarenal glands enclosed?

Which of the following separates the suprarenal glands from the kidneys?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the structure of the suprarenal glands.

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe which layers of the suprarenal glands secrete which hormones. The zona glomerulosa of the cortex secretes [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end] and other [blank_start]mineralocorticoids[blank_end]. The zona fasciculata of the cortex secretes [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] and other [blank_start]corticosteroids[blank_end]. The zona reticularis of the cortex secretes [blank_start]testosterone[blank_end] and other [blank_start]steroid hormones[blank_end]. The adrenal medulla secretes [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] and other [blank_start]catecholamines[blank_end].

Which of the following does the superior adrenal artery arise from?

Which of the following does the middle suprarenal artery arise from?

Which of the following does the inferior adrenal artery arise from?

The suprarenal glands are innervated by the coeliac plexus and greater splanchnic nerves.

Which spinal roots supply the sympathetic innervation of the suprarenal glands?

Where does the lymph of the suprarenal glands drain to?